Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) usually arises during puberty and is marked by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperandrogenism. The principle is that the diagnosis of PCOS must be based on the presence of at least two of the following three criteria: chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism (clinical or biological), and polycystic ovaries. The diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents is particularly difficult due to developmental problems in this group. Many symptoms of PCOS, including acne, menstrual irregularities, and hyperinsulinemia, are common in normal puberty. Adolescents with PCOS are at an increased risk of developing health problems later on in life, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and infertility. One should reckon with the frequent occurrence of the PCOS in type 1 diabetes, when the ovaries and the adrenals are exposed to excessive insulin concentrations. Ovarian hyperandrogenism is common in adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes. Methods of treatment for an adolescent with PCOS include diet and exercise. Metformin is commonly used in young girls and adolescents with PCOS as first-line monotherapy or in combination with anti-androgen medications. StreszczenieZespół policystycznych jajników (PCOS) zwykle pojawia się w okresie dojrzewania i charakteryzuje się występowaniem insulinooporności, hiperinsulinemii i hiperandrogenizmu. Przyjęta jest zasada, że diagnoza PCOS musi opierać się na obecności co najmniej dwóch z trzech następujących kryteriów: przewlekłego braku owulacji, hiperandrogenizmu (klinicznego lub biologicznego) i policystycznych jajników. Rozpoznanie PCOS u nastolatek jest szczególnie trudne. Wiele objawów PCOS, w tym trądzik, zaburzenia miesiączkowania i hiperinsulinemia, są częste w okresie dojrzewania. U nastolatek z PCOS istnieje zwiększone ryzyko wystąpienia problemów zdrowotnych w późniejszym życiu, takich jak cukrzyca, choroby sercowo-naczyniowe i niepłodność. Należy liczyć się z częstym występowaniem PCOS w cukrzycy typu 1, gdy jajniki i nadnercza są narażone na nadmierne stężenia insuliny. Hiperandrogenizm pochodzenia jajnikowego występuje często u nastolatek z cukrzycą typu 1. Leczenie młodzieży z PCOS obejmuje dietę i ćwiczenia fizyczne. Metformina jest powszechnie stosowana u młodych dziewcząt z PCOS w monoterapii pierwszego rzutu lub w połączeniu z lekami przeciwandrogenowymi. Słowa kluczowe hiperandrogenizm, zespół policystycznych jajników, insulinooporność, cukrzyca

Digitalization and smart technology application have focused the attention and consolidated the efforts of research schemes, political agendas and business strategies worldwide. The European Union is particularly interested in the deployment of its smart reindustrialization strategy, which is in line with the Industry 4.0 concept, promoted by German government and business entities. The actual impact of the industrial digital transformation is not yet envisaged; however undoubtedly, Poland will be affected by this economic phenomenon. Its competitive advantage on the international market, resulting from low labour costs and central European location, will continue to decrease as digitised, automated and connected industries are less sensitive to cost and geographical limitations. The present study is aimed to assess the level of familiarity with Industry 4.0 concept within Polish industrial sector as well as the potential demand of the domestic market for digital solutions. The paper will also discuss the ability of Polish economy to participate in smart reindustrialisation, which has been deployed and prioritized in the European agenda.

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The amount of glucose in the circulation depends on its absorption from the intestine, uptake and release from the liver, and uptake by peripheral tissues. Insulin and glucagon together control the rate of metabolism required by peripheral tissues, and both are involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Insulin is considered to be an anabolic hormone that promotes the synthesis of protein, lipid, and glycogen. The key target tissues of insulin are: liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Glucagon notably affects catabolic processes. Glucose is essential for cerebral metabolism. Unsurprisingly therefore, hypoglycaemia may result in encephalopathy. Knowledge of the homeostatic mechanisms that maintain blood glucose concentrations within a tight range is the key for diagnosis and appropriate management of hypoglycaemia. Young age, fasting, and severe infectious diseases are considered as important risk factors. Failure in investigating a neonate, infant, or a child with suspicion of hypoglycaemia, increases the risk of delaying a definitive diagnosis and instituting effective treatment. Expeditious identifying the specific cause of hypoglycaemia, as outlined above, will enable accurate institution of appropriate treatment and decrease the risk of permanent brain injury from persistent and recurrent severe hypoglycaemia. Prompt diagnosis with aggressive early intervention remains the mainstay of treatment to avert irreversible brain damage.

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This study examined the effects of equal volume, high-repetition resistance training (HRRT) performed to volitional fatigue, with different workout frequencies, on muscle mass and neuromuscular performance (strength, endurance) in untrained postmenopausal women. Subjects were randomized to perform HRRT 2 d•wk 21 (HRRT-2; 3 sets of 20-30 repetitions/set for elbow and knee flexion and extension) or 3 d•wk 21 (HRRT-3; 2 sets of 20-30 repetitions/set per exercise) for 8 weeks. Baseline and post-training assessments were made for muscle thickness, strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and endurance (number of repetitions performed at 50% baseline 1RM) for elbow and knee flexor and extensor muscle groups. Significance was set at p , 0.05. There was a significant increase over time for all measures of muscle thickness, strength, and endurance (p , 0.005), with no differences between groups. Untrained postmenopausal women can expect to achieve similar improvements in muscle size, strength, and endurance when training 2 or 3 days per week, provided total weekly training volume is equal.