Scholarly interest in the relationship between public investments and residential displacement dates back to the 1970s and the aftermath of displacement related to urban renewal. A new wave of scholarship examines the relationship of gentrification and displacement to public investment in transit infrastructure. Scholarship has generally conflated gentrification and displacement; however, this review argues for a clearer analytical distinction between the two. Although the displacement discussion in the United States began with the role of the public sector and now has returned to the same focus, it will be necessary to overcome methodological shortcomings to arrive at more definitive conclusions about the relationship.

This work discusses the fundamentals of designing deep excavation support by means of observational method. The effective tools for optimum designing with the use of the observational method are both inclinometric and geodetic monitoring, which provide data for the systematically updated calibration of the numerical computational model. The analysis included methods for selecting data for the design (by choosing the basic random variables), as well as methods for an on-going verification of the results of numeric calculations (e.g., MES) by way of measuring the structure displacement using geodetic and inclinometric techniques. The presented example shows the sensitivity analysis of the calculation model for a cantilever wall in non-cohesive soil; that analysis makes it possible to select the data to be later subject to calibration. The paper presents the results of measurements of a sheet pile wall displacement, carried out by means of inclinometric method and, simultaneously, two geodetic methods, successively with the deepening of the excavation. This work includes also critical comments regarding the usefulness of the obtained data, as well as practical aspects of taking measurement in the conditions of on-going construction works.

Abstract:The article presents back analysis to estimate geotechnical parameters of fill layer. The agreement between field measurements and theoretical calculations was examined. Displacements of a cantilever CFA bored pile wall were monitored. The inclinometric measurements were taken directly after pile construction and according to excavation process. Over 200 calculation series were performed, with changing fill parameters. The calculations employed the actual geometric and material parameters of the pile wall, as well as geotechnical parameters of layered soil. The parameters estimated through back analysis were the angle of internal friction and Young's modulus of fill layer. In the case discussed, pile wall cap displacement was the response of the system, and soil medium parameters were the input data. The agreement between theoretical calculations and inclinometer measurements was assessed in accordance with two functions. The measured horizontal displacements of excavation support structure assumed different values at the two inclinometer sites analysed. Back analysis results for these sites are approximately convergent for a final excavation depth.

Available online xxxKeywords: Hippotherapy Biofeedback Cerebral palsy Children Trunk stability EMG Rehabilitation a b s t r a c t Introduction: Damage to the central nervous system in children with infantile cerebral palsy (ICP) can cause aberrant and uncoordinated muscle contraction resulting in postural instability. Hippotherapy is a method of motor rehabilitation, rooted in neurophysiology, which utilizes the natural motion of a horse's gait to entrain trunk stability in the seated rider.Aim: The aim of this research was to assess the effect of hippotherapy in improving trunk stability in children with spastic ICP.Material and methods: The research was conducted on 24 children with ages ranging from 2 to 18 years (average age: 10.63 AE 4.95) who suffer with spastic ICP. Each child underwent physiotherapeutic assessment twice, an initial assessment at the start of the study period and a follow up assessment after 3 months of hippotherapy. All study subjects undertook 2 sessions of hippotherapy each week for a period of 3 months.Results and discussion: An increase in the maximum tension of the rectus abdominis muscle was observed in 17 out of 24 participants (81%). Further analysis of response to therapy according to subtype of ICP revealed an improvement in 13 out of 16 children with spastic diparesis and in 3 out of 7 children with tetraparesis. Improved trunk stability was seen in 6 out of the 11 children who were mobile with a wheelchair, and in 11 out of 12 independently mobile children.Conclusions: This study proves that hippotherapy has a significant impact on improving the trunk stability of children with ICP. # 2016 Published by Elsevier Sp. z o.o. on behalf of Warmińsko-Mazurska Izba Lekarska w Olsztynie.

BackgroundAmbulophobia is a type of specific phobia that involves a fear of walking. This phobia mainly affects older people, who prefer not to leave their bed or home to avoid walking on uneven surfaces and reduce the risk of falling. The problem seems to be very important in terms of public health and the organization of long-term care, as Poland has one of the highest rates of elderly population growth.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of ambulophobia among patients of long-term care facilities in Poland and to identify factors increasing the risk of this specific phobia in the study group.Material and MethodsThe study was conducted between January and July 2021. Data collected from 379 patients of 16 long-term care facilities located in Poland were analyzed. The study used the diagnostic criteria for specific phobias according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, and standardized questionnaires such as MMSE, GDS-16, DOS and ADL. The χ2 test was used to test the significance of differences (p = 0.05).ResultsThe prevalence of ambulophobia in the study group was 30.1%. Ambulophobia significantly more often concerned the female sex (37.7%) and people over 70 years of age (42,1%). Factors such as depression, Parkinson's disease, orthostatic hypotonia, a history of falling or being a witness to another person falling, and disability of at least a moderate degree increased the likelihood of ambulophobia.ConclusionsBased on the obtained results, it was found that the protective factors in the development of ambulophobia are male sex, younger age, high independence, fewer drugs used per day and no previous falls or seeing another person fall.

Abstract:The article presents the results of inclinometric measurements and numerical analyses of soldier-pile wall displacements. The excavation under investigation was made in cohesive soils. The measurements were conducted at points located at the edge of the cantilever excavation support system. The displacements of the excavation support observed over the period of three years demonstrated the pattern of steady growth over the first two months, followed by a gradual levelling out to a final plateau. The numerical analyses were conducted based on 3D FEM models. The numerical analysis of the problem comprise calculations of the global structural safety factor depending on the displacement of the chosen points in the lagging and conducted by means of the φ/c reduction procedure. The adopted graphical method of safety estimation is very conservative in the sense that it recognizes stability loss quite early, when one could further load the medium or weaken it by further strength reduction. The values of the M sf factor are relatively high. This is caused by the fact that the structure was designed for excavation twice as deep. Nevertheless, the structure is treated as a temporary one.

Raynaud's phenomenon is one of the most common disorders of the blood vessels, which usually affects fingers and toes. Raynaud's disease, also called primary Raynaud's phenomenon, is diagnosed when the cause is unknown, whereas Raynaud's syndrome or secondary Raynaud's phenomenon occurs as a skin manifestation of concomitant disease. The most common trigger is exposure to cold. Specific clinical features allow a quick diagnosis. Raynaud's phenomenon usually does not require pharmacologic treatment, but in some cases symptoms are severe and pharmacotherapy is necessary. Calcium channel blockers are usually used as a first-line treatment. Alternative forms of therapy include angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, α1-adrenergic blockers, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, endothelin antagonists, nitrates, antioxidants, statins, botulinum toxin, and even autologous fat grafting. StReSzczeNieObjaw Raynauda jest jedną z najczęstszych reakcji skurczowych naczyń krwionośnych, zazwyczaj dotyczy palców rąk i stóp. Choroba Raynauda, inaczej zwana pierwotnym objawem Raynauda, jest rozpoznawana, gdy przyczyna schorzenia jest nieznana. Zespół Raynauda lub wtórny objaw Raynauda współtowarzyszy innym chorobom. Najczęstszym czynnikiem prowokującym skurcz naczyń jest ekspozycja na zimno. Charakterystyczny obraz kliniczny zwykle pozwala na szybkie ustalenia rozpoznania. Objaw Raynauda u większości chorych nie wymaga leczenia farmakologicznego, ale u niektórych osób objawy są nasilone i farmakoterapia staje się niezbędna. Leki z grupy antagonistów wapnia są często stosowane w leczeniu pierwszego rzutu. Alternatywne formy terapii obejmują: inhibitory konwertazy angiotensyny, leki α1-adrenergiczne, inhibitory fosfodiesterazy 5, antagonistów endoteliny, azotany, przeciwutleniacze, statyny, toksynę botulinową, a nawet autologiczne przeszczepy tkanki tłuszczowej.

Although research into the aetiology and pathogenesis of eating disorders has been ongoing for many years, it has not yet been possible to identify all the factors responsible for their development. Current research does not focus on a single risk factor, but looks for correlations between them. This article presents selected aspects of the pathogenesis and risk factors of specific eating disorders. Family and individual factors, social and cultural factors, and biological factors are described. Particular attention has been paid to the aspect of parenting styles and behaviours exhibited, e.g. excessive punishment and emotional coldness. The coexistence of personality disorders with specific and non-specific eating disorders is also described. The social aspect highlights the development of social media and their impact on selfesteem, body dissatisfaction, and promotion of pathological thinness. Cultural factors include progressive “westernisation” and the rapid increase in the prevalence of eating disorders in the areas of the world where they did not previously exist. Among biological factors, publications on appetite neuromodulators, genetic factors, gut microbiota disorders, and the so-called brain-gut axis were analysed. Modern science is not as yet able to answer the question of which of the mentioned factors has the greatest impact on the development of eating disorders, however, ongoing research offers hope for effective treatment of these diseases in the future. Knowing the factors predisposing to their occurrence will allow early identification of risk groups and undertaking preventive and therapeutic actions, including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.