The aim of the study was to assess changes in the basic quality parameters induced by controlled lactic fermentation of fruiting bodies of the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v with documented probiotic properties and L. plantarum EK3, i.e., an isolate obtained from spontaneously fermented button mushrooms, were used as starter strains. The fruiting bodies of fresh, blanched, and fermented mushrooms were analyzed at different stages of the lactic fermentation process. The content of free sugars (high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detector method; HPLC-CAD) and organic acids (high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector method; HPLC-DAD) was determined both in the mushroom fruiting bodies and in the brine. Five free sugars (ribose, trehalose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose), mannitol, and six organic acids (lactic, malic, succinic, citric, acetic, and fumaric acids) were detected in the samples. Lactic acid dominated in the final products. The starter cultures exhibited varying degrees of utilization of available mushroom sugars and sucrose used as an additional substrate. Sucrose was utilized at a higher rate and in greater amounts by the L. plantarum EK3 isolate. This starter culture was characterized by a significantly higher final amount of produced lactic acid, a lower pH value, and higher numbers of LAB (lactic acid bacteria). These important quality parameters largely determine the stability of fermented products. Based on the analysis results and the high scores in the organoleptic evaluation of the fermented mushrooms, the L. plantarum EK3 isolate can be recommended as an appropriate starter culture for lactic fermentation of mushroom fruiting bodies.

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(1) Background: Considering the limited amount of available data on the diet quality of children, adolescents, and young adults with an intellectual disability (ID) in Poland, as well as the higher incidence of nutritional disorders among people with ID in comparison to the general population, a study was conducted to assess the quality of diet in community-dwelling young individuals with ID. (2) Methods: A multiple-case study was carried out to obtain data on anthropometric parameters and food records over a three-day observation period for 18 subjects with ID. The nutritional value of the products and dishes consumed by the subjects was calculated using the commercial computer program Kcalmar.pro (Hermax, Poland), which contains the Polish database of the nutritional value of food products and dishes. The results presented here are those of a pilot study of a wider research project. (3) Results: The study group consisted of seven women (38.9%) and 11 men (61.1%) with an average age of 12.94 years (range 4.00–22.00) and an average BMI of 25.2 (range 14.5–35.4). The obtained results confirmed the suboptimal pattern of nutrition in children and adolescents with ID. Regarding energy intake and dietary macronutrients, only in 27.8% of cases, energy intake exceeded the Estimated Energy Requirement corresponding to age, sex, body weight, and height. Most of the respondents were characterized by correct intake of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and 83.3% showed excessive intake of saturated fatty acids. Excessive intake of vitamins B1, B2, and B6 was observed in all subjects, and that of vitamins B3 (niacin), B12, A, and C in the vast majority of subjects, while deficiency of vitamin D was observed in all individuals and folic acid in 22.2% of individuals. Excessive intake of minerals, such as sodium, phosphorus, and magnesium was noted among most of the respondents, while the intake of calcium and iodine was found to be insufficient. Compared to people with less severe ID (grades 1 and 2), people with grade 3 ID showed significantly lower intake/reference fulfillment of dietary components such as vitamin B6, potassium, phosphorus, iron, copper, iodine, magnesium, and zinc. No significant differences were noted in the nutritional reference fulfillment for various nutrients among the groups distinguished by sex, nutritional status, or the cause of ID. (4) Conclusion: Health supervision guidelines proposed for persons with ID should take into account the dietary practices of the families caring for them, with an emphasis on the prevention and correction of irregularities that may reduce the effectiveness of rehabilitation and deteriorate the health of the affected people. Caregivers/parents of each person with ID who took part in the study were given individualized dietary advice aimed at correcting the dietary abnormalities.

The objective of the study is a critical analysis of the selected alternative diets used in the treatment of obesity inconsistent with the recommended standards, from the perspective of clinical dieticians, based on up-to-date guidelines for dietary management of obesity. Attention was paid to the assumptions of the selected alternative diets, some physiological mechanisms related with their use, as well as the deficit of data pertaining their distant effectiveness and safety. In the context of the current epidemiological situation concerning the prevalence of obesity, it is justifiable to undertake actions aimed at the professionalization of dietary management in obesity, consisting in the application of the treatment methods based on data generated in the EBM paradigm, with a simultaneous indication and criticism of dietary pseudo-therapies with unconfirmed curative value which, in addition, do not guarantee the reduction of the risk of metabolic complications of obesity.Keywords: obesity, alternative diets, dietary guidelines in treatment of obesity, principles of healthy eating.the canon of the beautiful body (cult of slim silhouette) existing in contemporary culture, within the framework of which a specified body image has been identified with the categories of happiness and success. The cultural pressure resulting from this, inclines obese persons to use alternative weight loss diets, implying the risk of development of nutritional deficits and other health complications, including the deterioration of intellectual functions and the increase in the risk of development of dementia, occurrence of affective disorders, an increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as well as the occurrence of metabolic complications. The frequent problem implied by the use of alternative diets is an insufficient supply of energy, resulting in the reduction of body weight; however, with a simultaneous decrease in resting metabolic rate, which, after discontinuation of the diet and return to previous eating habits, results in the regaining of body weight (so-called 'yo-yo effect') [4,5]. In turn, ketosis caused by the reduction of carbohydrates supply, used in diets such as, e.g. Atkins, Zone, South Beach, Paleo, Dukan, Kwaśniewski, may be dangerous in, among others, patients with arrhythmia, coronary disease and Cushing's syndrome [6]. It is noteworthy that prospective observations of alternative models of nutrition in obesity indicate that the correct control of energy intake plays a crucial role in the conditioning of the effectiveness of dietary management with smaller importance of dietary macro-components [7], which should be individually established for each patient. In the case of the majority of so-called 'wonderful diets', the obtained results are of a temporary character, and the condition for the preservation of the obtained change in body weight is an integration of the mode of nutrition

Wprowadzenie i cel pracy. Otyłość jest jednym z najczęstszych zaburzeń rozwoju fizycznego u dzieci i młodzieży, które powoduje wielorakie negatywne skutki somatyczne i psychospołeczne. W pracy podjęto zadanie prezentacji stanu wiedzy na temat zasad postępowania żywieniowego w leczeniu otyłości dziecięcej, na podstawie analizy i syntezy krajowych i zagranicznych rekomendacji eksperckich. Wzrost ryzyka otyłości wśród osób w wieku rozwojowym uważa się za jeden z wiodących skutków pandemii COVID-19 dla zdrowia publicznego. Opis stanu wiedzy. Głównym celem leczenia otyłości u dzieci i młodzieży jest zapobieganie i leczenie powikłań otyłości, z uwzględnieniem zaburzeń metabolicznych, a także poprawa jakości życia chorych. Największą skuteczność w leczeniu wykazują interwencje wielomodułowe, nastawione jednocześnie na kilka celów, z uwzględnieniem zmiany zachowań żywieniowych, redukcji aktywności sedenteryjnych, zwłaszcza tzw. czasu ekranowego, zwiększenia aktywności fizycznej oraz interwencji behawioralnych, wspierających zmiany w tych obszarach. Wdrażanie interwencji mających na celu zmianę stylu życia przez wykwalifikowanych dietetyków zwiększa ich skuteczność. W przypadku otyłości wtórnej terapia powinna uwzględniać leczenie choroby zasadniczej. Żywienie dziecka chorującego na otyłość powinno opierać się na diecie dobranej indywidualnie, dostarczającej wszystkich niezbędnych składników odżywczych w zależności od wieku, płci i stanu fizjologicznego. W przypadku chorych poniżej 12. roku życia interwencją należy obejmować całą rodzinę dziecka. Podsumowanie. Efektem leczenia otyłości u dzieci powinno być wypracowanie zachowań prozdrowotnych w zakresie żywienia i aktywności fizycznej oraz ich utrwalenie na całe dalsze życie dziecka.