Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are emerging as important regulators of plant development (germination, flowering, senescence), acting as secondary messengers in cooperation with classical phytohormones. Apple seeds are dormant, unless they undergo a 3 month long cold stratification. Deep dormancy of isolated apple embryos can also be broken by short pre-treatment with HCN or NO with the effect associated with enhanced ethylene synthesis. Non-dormant embryos germinate well and young seedlings grown from non-dormant embryos do not exhibit any morphological anomalies, such as asymmetric growth and greening of cotyledons. One of the aims of this work was to investigate the correlation between RNS-mediated (HCN-and NO-dependent) dormancy removal and ROS (H 2 O 2 and O 2 -• ) accumulation in the embryos. The beneficial effect of NO and HCN on germination of dormant apple embryos has been associated with marked increases in H 2 O 2 and O 2 -• concentration in the embryos at early germination stages. We also analyzed growth of young seedlings developed from embryos pretreatment with HCN or NO or exposed to ethylene (ethephone) and its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). ACC and ethephone removed all morphological anomalies of the seedlings (asymmetric growth and greening of cotyledons) but the radicle growth was rather slight. We propose that accumulation of ROS provoked by HCN and NO pre-treatment is required for embryo germination ''sensu stricto'', while ethylene is required for post-germination seedling growth.
A b s t r a c t. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of osmotic dehydration conditions on the properties of osmotically pre-treated dried apples. The scope of research included analysing the most important mass exchange coefficients, i.e. water loss, solid gain, reduced water content and water activity, as well as colour changes of the obtained dried product. In the study, apples were osmotically dehydrated in one of two 60% solutions: sucrose or sucrose with an addition of chokeberry juice concentrate, for 30 and 120 min, in temperatures of 40 and 60°C. Ultrasound was also used during the first 30 min of the dehydration process. After osmotic pre-treatment, apples were subjected to innovative convective drying with the puffing effect, and to freeze-drying. Temperature and dehydration time increased the effectiveness of mass exchange during osmotic dehydration. The addition of chokeberry juice concentrate to standard sucrose solution and the use of ultrasound did not change the value of solid gain and reduced water content. Water activity of the dried apple tissue was not significantly changed after osmotic dehydration, while changes in colour were significant.
The aim of this project was to create a ranking of the nursery schools in Wrocław with regard to the quality of the acoustic environment on their premises, using a specially developed evaluation methodology. Each nursery school was rated according to an adopted grading scale on the basis of the noise level distribution on the playground and on the nursery school building facades. Using the grading scale one can classify nursery school premises into twelve categories characterized by different acoustic environment quality, from exceptionally good (< 45 dB) to exceptionally bad (> 70 dB).The appropriately rescaled data from the acoustic map of Wrocław and the authors' own measurements and simulation analyses were used. The developed methodology was verified by comparing the ratings yielded by it with those determined on the basis of field measurements and simulation studies, carried out for several selected nursery schools. The paper presents the results of an acoustic environment quality assessment carried out, using the developed investigative methodology, for 118 nursery schools located in Wrocław.
Cardiac arrest is relatively an uncommon event during cesarean sections. That’s why obstetric teams have low exposure to these critical situations and need frequent training in early identification, differential diagnosis and treatment. We present a case report of a 36-year-old woman, who underwent cesarean section under spinal anesthesia due to delayed labor progress. Once the skin incision was performed the patient underwent asystole. There is a wide range of etiologies for maternal cardiac arrest. We describe and analyze the possible etiologies that could have led to cardiac arrest in this particular case.
Citation: Germanova L, Czajkowska K, Gomes J, Infante C, Castro M, Martins I. Cardiac arrest during cesarean section - A case report. Anaesth pain & intensive care 2019;23(4)__
Received: 10 September 2019, Reviewed: 28 September, 23 October 2019, Revised: 24 October 2019, Accepted: 28 October 2019
Background and Goal of Study:Considering anesthesiologists among other medical specialties, it is well known that they have an increased risk of suffering from burnout syndrome. Unfortunately, burnout syndrome is often related to lower work performance, coronary artery disease and deteriorating overall mental health, all of which may seriously affect the patient's treatment. The aim of this paper is to compare possible burnout syndrome among Croatian anesthesiologists.
Materials and Methods:This research involved 2568 doctors working in different fields of medicine including 177 anaesthesiologists. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used to measure burnout. MBI defines burnout as a three-dimensional syndrome via 22 questions; 9 question relate to emotional exhaustion (EE), 5 question relate to depersonalization (DP) and 8 question relate to diminished personal accomplishment (PA). Possible answers on the main scale ranged from 0=never to 6=every day. We created 3 subscales for every MBI dimension; EE subscale with severity indeks (SI) ranging from ≥27 for high, 27-16 for moderate and ≤16 for low, DP subscale with SI ≥13 for high, 13-6 for moderate and ≤6 for low and PA subscale with SI ≥39 for high, 39-31 for average and ≤31 for low.
Results and discussion:All 2568 doctors had EE of 30% (high), DP of 8,75% (moderate) and PA of 29,9% (low). 63% of anesthesiologist showed high EE, 57% exibited high PA and 46% had low DP. Emotional exhaustion is lowest when their career begins or ends. Depersonalization deteriorates over time whereas diminished personal accomplishment is constant throughout the working years. We also found positive correlation between DP total score and years of experience (r=-0,320, p<0,0001). A total of 55 (33%) were resident, 72 (42%) consultants and 44 (25%) subspecialist and we found statistical significant differences of DP score (p=0,026).
Conclusion(s):Anestesiologists are not trained to fail. In relation to sense of increased responsibility and perfectionism, these factors trigger burnout syndrome. It often emerges when there is insufficient workforce so fewer anesthesiologists must compensate, often working overtime, for the lack of their colleagues. Results show that prevention of burnout is highly necessary among Croatian anesthesiologists and it involves a spectrum of measures, ranging from changing the working conditions to taking care of employee's overall mental health.
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