The Mizar system is one of the pioneering systems aimed at supporting mathematical proof development on a computer that have laid the groundwork for and eventually have evolved into modern interactive proof assistants. We claim that an important milestone in the development of these systems was the creation of organized libraries accumulating all previously available formalized knowledge in such a way that new works could effectively re-use all previously collected notions. In the case of Mizar, the turning point of its development was the decision to start building the Mizar Mathematical Library as a centrally-managed knowledge base maintained together with the formalization language and the verification system. In this paper we show the process of forming this library, the evolution of its design principles, and also present some data showing its current use with the modern version of the Mizar proof checker, but also as a rich corpus of semantically linked mathematical data in various areas including web-based and natural language proof presentation, maths education, and machine learning based automated theorem proving.
In this paper we explore the possibility of emulating the Mizar environment as close as possible inside the Isabelle logical framework. We introduce adaptations to the Isabelle/FOL object logic that correspond to the logic of Mizar, as well as Isar inner syntax notations that correspond to these of the Mizar language. We show how Isabelle types can be used to differentiate between the syntactic categories of the Mizar language, such as sets and Mizar types including modes and attributes, and show how they interact with the basic constructs of the Tarski-Grothendieck set theory. We discuss Mizar definitions and provide simple abbreviations that allow the introduction of Mizar predicates, functions, attributes and modes using the Isabelle/Pure language elements for introducing definitions and theorems. We finally consider the definite and indefinite description operators in Mizar and their use to introduce definitions by "means" and "equals". We demonstrate the usability of the environment on a sample Mizar-style formalization, with cluster inferences and "by" steps performed manually.
Summary.We continue Mizar formalization of general topology according to the book [11] by Engelking. In the article, we present the final theorem of Section 4.1. Namely, the paper includes the formalization of theorems on the correspondence between the cardinalities of the basis and of some open subcover, and a discreet (closed) subspaces, and the weight of that metrizable topological space. We also define Lindelöf spaces and state the above theorem in this special case. We also introduce the concept of separation among two subsets (see [12]).
The existing examples of natural deduction proofs, either declarative or procedural, indicate that often the legibility of proof scripts is of secondary importance to the authors. As soon as the computer accepts the proof script, many authors do not work on improving the parts that could be shortened and do not avoid repetitions of technical sub-deductions, which often could be replaced by a single lemma. This article presents selected properties of reasoning passages that may be used to determine if a reasoning passage can be extracted from a proof script, transformed into a lemma and replaced by a reference to the newly created lemma. Additionally, we present methods for improving the legibility of the reasoning that remains after the extraction of the lemmas.
We formally define the foundations of the Mizar system as an object logic in the Isabelle logical framework. For this, we propose adequate mechanisms to represent the various components of Mizar. We express Mizar types in a uniform way, provide a common type intersection operation, allow reasoning about type inhabitation, and develop a type inference mechanism. We provide Mizar-like definition mechanisms which require the same proof obligations and provide same derived properties. Structures and set comprehension operators can be defined as definitional extensions. Re-formalized proofs from various parts of the Mizar Library show the practical usability of the specified foundations.
Abstract. In formal proof checking environments such as Mizar it is not merely the validity of mathematical formulas that is evaluated in the process of adoption to the body of accepted formalizations, but also the readability of the proofs that witness validity. As in case of computer programs, such proof scripts may sometimes be more and sometimes be less readable. To better understand the notion of readability of formal proofs, and to assess and improve their readability, we propose in this paper a method of improving proof readability based on Behaghel's First Law of sentence structure. Our method maximizes the number of local references to the directly preceding statement in a proof linearisation. It is shown that our optimization method is NP-complete.
Summary. In this article we formalize several basic theorems that correspond to Pell's equation. We focus on two aspects: that the Pell's equation x 2 − Dy 2 = 1 has infinitely many solutions in positive integers for a given D not being a perfect square, and that based on the least fundamental solution of the equation when we can simply calculate algebraically each remaining solution.
Proof development in proof assistants such as HOL, Coq, Mizar, etc. is an activity where authors usually produce proofs by typing out proof scripts or system tactics. Quite frequently, however, authors also have to read existing proof scripts, either to imitate smart proof pieces, or to refactor fragments of reasoning to make some theorem stronger, more easily applicable and so on. Therefore, it is important to develop techniques to improve legibility of proofs, since it directly affects productivity of script writers. To analyze the legibility of natural deduction proofs, we investigate proof graphs that represent the flow of information in given reasoning. Our analysis of the information flow leads to methods of improving proof readability based on Behaghel's First Law, which states that in legible text relevant pieces of information must occur close to each other. The presented method maximizes the number of close connections between premises and steps that use these steps as justification. In this paper we show that our optimization method is NP-hard.
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