Changes in forest landscapes have been connected with human activity for centuries and can be considered one of the main driving forces of change from a global perspective. The spatial distribution of forests changes along with the geopolitical situation, demographic changes, intensification of agriculture, urbanization, or changes in land use policy. However, due to the limited availability of historical data, the driving forces of changes in forest landscapes are most often considered in relation to recent decades, without taking long-term analyses into account. The aim of this paper is to determine the level and types of landscape changes and make preliminary study on natural and socio-economic factors on changes in forest landscapes within the protected area, Slęża Landscape Park, and its buffer zone using long-term analyses covering a period of 140 years . A comparison of historical and current maps and demographic data related to three consecutive periods of time as well as natural and location factors by using the ArcGIS software allows the selected driving forces of forest landscape transformations to be analyzed. We took into account natural factors such as the elevation, slope, and exposure of the hillside and socio-economic drivers like population changes, distances to centers of municipalities, main roads, and built-up areas.
This study analyses periurbanisation as a specific process of changes caused by the expansion of cities towards rural areas that are situated at a greater distance from the core city but still within the framework of the functional urban area. Peri-urban areas are determined by a particular set of urban and rural characteristics that coincide, but seem to be dominated by the rural aspect. By using a trans-disciplinary approach based on multivariate analysis, the authors identified peri-urban areas within three Polish metropolitan areas. Results show that the areas mostly predestined to be peri-urban are territories classified as rural gminas (communes) and rural areas of urban rural gminas, which are peripherally located in relation to the main city. In general, the findings are relevant from the point of view of policy-making because they provide new insights into the very complex nature of peri-urban areas.
StreszczenieW artykule dokonano charakterystyki peryurbanizacji jako procesu transformacji urbanistycznej zachodzącego na obszarach wiejskich leżących w strefie odziaływania miast i predysponowanych do rozwoju wielofunkcyjnego. Następnie za pomocą metod taksonomicznych przeprowadzono ocenę procesu peryurbanizacji w ramach jednostek terytorialnych wchodzących w skład Poznańskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że największa dynamika zmian w zakresie cechy peryurbanizacji występuje na terenie gmin wiejskich i części wiejskiej gmin miejsko-wiejskich, których układ przestrzenny tworzy mozaikę wokół Poznania. Tym samym potwierdzono założenia teoretyczne peryurbanizacji.
The research process of developing recommendations for rural communities directly adjacent to metropolitan cities in the field of local flooding protection, especially retention fee was preceded by: analysis of secondary data in 100 communities in three Functional Urban Areas (Metropolitan Areas, MA) in Poland: Poznań MA, Wrocław MA and Łódź MA (assessment of flooding and urbanization), analysis of primary data in 18 rural communities immediately adjacent to the metropolitan centers: semi-structured telephone interviews (stormwater fee from the stakeholder perspective) and survey research (local floodings from the citizen perspectives). To illustrate the scale of the flooding problem in MAs, flood risk maps were used along with data from the State Fire Service on local threats, and for assessing the scale of suburbanization data obtained from Statistics Poland. Although residents confirmed their readiness to co-finance the activities supporting the development of water retention, local authorities were hesitant to introduce additional charges for the residents. Therefore, a better solution would be to set the fees already at the national level. However, communities should be given more power with regards to the distribution of collected funds which, in turn, should be allocated directly to the local programs for the enhancement of retention capacity in the local catchments.
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