Over the years, researchers have used several methods to investigate reflection. These are based on various theories. Researchers mainly use qualitative methods to study reflection, but mixed methods and quantitative studies are carried out as well. A number of different scales have been developed and used to measure reflection. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the internal consistency and factor structure of two instruments for measuring reflection to find out the validity and reliability of such assessment instruments. Data was collected using two questionnaires to estimate reflection at the start of the teaching practice and induction year. The results indicated that both instruments of reflection demonstrated the validation and reliability of measure reflection. The study also showed that these scales are suitable to use in different disciplines in teacher education.

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Social science research methods are being increasingly taught in an online setting. The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major driver of this trend recently. Although there has been extensive research on online teaching and learning in general, very few studies focus on how this needs to be done specifically in social science research methods (SSRM). This literature review summarizes the most current research evidence on SSRM teaching in an online setting. Such information can facilitate setting up future online teaching and learning activities regarding social science research methods. In addition, the article discusses how this knowledge can be transferred to a practical SSRM online teaching and learning tool (a toolbox in the Navigating Social Worlds project).