Refractive indices (n), densities (F), and surface tensions (σ) for {formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, or butyric acid + water} mixtures at 298.15 K and normal atmospheric pressure have been determined as a function of mole fractions. From the experimental data, excess molar volumes (V E ) and deviations of refractive index from linear behavior (∆n φ ) have been calculated. The magnitude of these experimental quantities is discussed in terms of nature and type of intermolecular interactions in binary mixtures. Besides, the interpretation of the ratio of molar volume to molar refraction V/R as a measure of the degree of free volume appears to be a useful tool for qualitative considerations concerning volumetric and refractometric data. To analyze the behavior of surface tensions, the Extended Langmuir (EL) model was used.
Sleep disparities exist among Hispanics/Latinos, although little work has characterized individuals at the United States (US)–Mexico border, particularly as it relates to acculturation. This study examined the association of Anglo and Mexican acculturation to various facets of sleep health among those of Mexican descent at the US–Mexico border. Data were collected from N = 100 adults of Mexican descent in the city of Nogales, Arizona (AZ). Surveys were presented in English or Spanish. Acculturation was assessed with the Acculturation Scale for Mexican-Americans (ARSMA-II). Insomnia was assessed with the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), sleepiness was assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), sleep apnea risk was assessed with the Multivariable Apnea Prediction (MAP) index, weekday and weekend sleep duration and efficiency were assessed with the Sleep Timing Questionnaire, sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and sleep duration and sleep medication use were assessed with PSQI items. No associations were found between Mexican acculturation and any sleep outcomes in adjusted analyses. Anglo acculturation was associated with less weekend sleep duration and efficiency, worse insomnia severity and sleep quality, and more sleep apnea risk and sleep medication use. These results support the idea that sleep disparities may depend on the degree of acculturation, which should be considered in risk screening and interventions.
Introduction Circadian health is increasingly recognized for the contributions it makes to general health. Few instruments assessing circadian rhythms have been translated into Spanish, however. The present study describes a Spanish translation of the Circadian Energy Scale (CIRENS). The instrument was designed according to the language norms of those living along the US-Mexico border by a bilingual research team. The CIRENS was completed by both English and Spanish speaking border residents, in their preferred language. Methods Data were collected from a sample of N=100 individuals of Mexican descent living in Nogales, Arizona. CIRENS is a 2-item scale that assesses chronotype by examining overall energy level in the morning and evening. Translation of the instrument into Spanish was done according to the following process: (1) a bilingual study team member attempted an initial translation; (2) a bilingual community member edited the translation; (3) a certified medical translator edited the revision; (4) a focus group of N=5 bilingual community members made further contextual edits; (5) a back-translation was performed; (6) an additional bilingual focus group examined the final version for compatibility; and (7) the medical translator certified the accuracy of the final version. T-tests examined differences between those who completed the measure in Spanish vs English. Results Of the N=100 survey respondents, N=42 completed the CIRENS in Spanish. No significant differences were observed in overall chronotype determination between those who took the Spanish versus English version (p=0.22) of the instrument. As a continuous score, the respondents in Spanish demonstrated slightly more morningness (p=0.01). Per the individual items, no differences were seen for evening energy levels (p=0.22), but Spanish respondents reported slightly higher morning energy scores (2.76 vs 2.17, p=0.008). Conclusion The individuals that completed the CIRENS in Spanish reported higher morning energy scores but no significant differences in chronotype. Future studies can use the Spanish CIRENS to evaluate circadian factors across cultural/linguistic groups. Support (If Any)
Introduction Data were collected for the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). To ensure the validity of study subject responses, the ISI was translated into Mexican Spanish by a bilingual research study team, based on a previous Spanish translation. It was then administered to study subjects in their preferred language. Methods Data were collected from a sample of N=100 individuals of Mexican Descent in Nogales, Arizona, at the US-Mexico border. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is a 7-item scale that quantifies the degree to which an individual experiences insomnia symptoms. A Spanish translation already exists, but this had not been previously localized to Mexican Spanish. To localize the measure, the following procedure was followed: (1) a bilingual community member edited the translation; (2) a certified medical translator edited the revised items; (3) a focus group of N=5 bilingual community members made contextual edits to the new measure; (4) a back-translation was performed; (5) an additional bilingual focus group examined the final version for compatibility; and (6) the medical translator certified the accuracy of the final version. As a result of this process, text edits to items 4 and 6 were made to accomplish the localization (the other items remained unchanged). T-tests examined differences between those who completed the measure in Mexican Spanish vs English. Results Of the N=100 survey respondents, N=42 completed the ISI in Spanish. Those who completed the ISI in Spanish reported significantly lower overall scores (8.2 vs 9.8, p=0.048). No significant differences were seen for individual items regarding early morning awakenings (p=0.13), satisfaction (p=0.71), interference with daily functioning (p=0.29), whether sleep problems are noticeable (p=0.06), and worry/distress about sleep (p=0.14). However, those completing the measure in Spanish reported lower scores on items regarding difficulty falling asleep (p=0.03) and staying asleep (p=0.001). Conclusion When adapting the ISI to a Spanish-speaking population at the US-Mexico border, modifications were made to the existing Spanish translation to improve linguistic and cultural appropriateness. Support (If Any)
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