The present study provides international comparisons of young women's (N = 1,734) self-reported experiences of intrusive activities enacted by men. Undergraduate psychology students from 12 countries (Armenia, Australia, England, Egypt, Finland, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Scotland, and Trinidad) indicated which of 47 intrusive activities they had personally experienced. Intrusive behavior was not uncommon overall, although large differences were apparent between countries when women's personal experiences of specific intrusive activities were compared. Correlations were carried out between self-reported intrusive experiences, the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), and Hofstede's dimensions of national cultures. The primary associations were between women's experiences of intrusive behavior and the level of power they are afforded within the 12 countries. Women from countries with higher GEM scores reported experiencing more intrusive activities relating to courtship and requests for sex, while the experiences of women from countries with lower GEM scores related more to monitoring and ownership. Intrusive activities, many of them constituent of harassment and stalking, would appear to be widespread and universal, and their incidence and particular form reflect national level gender inequalities.

This study investigated female experiences of stalking by former partners following the dissolution of heterosexual romantic relationships. It aimed to identify those characteristics of former partners that were associated with stalking as opposed to other post-relationship experiences of minor harassment or no-harassment. Three hundred and five female undergraduates (all had experienced dissolution of a heterosexual romantic relationship) completed a 48-item questionnaire. This assessed characteristics of participants, former partners, and experiences of harassment following the relationship. One hundred and five (34.4%) participants were classified as stalking victims; ninety-eight (32.1%) as suffering harassment, and 102 (33.4%) as experiencing no-harassment. No differences were found between the three groups in demographic characteristics of participants or former partners. Stalking former partners were most likely to have: a history of substance use (alcohol and/or drugs); criminal involvement; violence; mental health problems; difficulties in forming relationships; reacting with inappropriate emotion and jealousy and suspiciousness of the participant's relationships with others. These results add to an emerging profile of former partners who are likely to engage in stalking following the dissolution of romantic relationships. The findings are also consistent with explanations of stalking behavior that stress the etiological importance of attachment difficulties (45).

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Organisational justice and procedural justice are complementary concepts that relate to the way individuals make judgments about fairness and outcomes when considering their interactions with others. Organisational justice and procedural justice comprise largely the same concepts, although their foci are different. Inwardly facing organisational justice is particularly concerned with the implications of justice judgments on staff attitudes, staff retention, workplace relations, productivity and performance. Outwardly facing procedural justice is*in the context of this paper*concerned with the interactions between police organisations and the public. This paper reports on the findings of a systematic review of the literature examining organisational and procedural justice in policing. We searched three comprehensive databases for literature on these themes. Fiftyseven empirical items were returned; five relating to organisational justice and police organisations, and 52 exploring procedural justice and policeÁpublic interactions. We explore this literature, and consider the implications for policing. We do so to set the scene for the other papers in this special edition. We conclude by noting that the extant literature has much to help police organisations better manage their internal and external relations, but that further effort should be made to turn empirically sound and theoretically interesting research into easily digestible and practically applicable models for police practitioners at all levels of the organisation.

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