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Edaravone is a potent free-radical scavenger that has been in the market for more than 30 years. It was originally
developed in Japan to treat strokes and has been used there since 2001. Aside from its anti-oxidative effects, edaravone
demonstrated beneficial effects on pro-inflammatory responses, nitric oxide production, and apoptotic cell death.
Interestingly, edaravone has shown neuroprotective effects in several animal models of diseases other than stroke. In
particular, edaravone administration was found to be effective in halting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression
during the early stages. Accordingly, after its success in Phase III clinical studies, edaravone has been approved by the FDA
as a treatment for ALS patients. Considering its promises in neurological disorders and its safety in patients, edaravone is a
drug of interest that can be repurposed for traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment. Drug repurposing is a novel approach in
drug development that identifies drugs for purposes other than their original indication. This review presents the
biochemical properties of edaravone along with its effects on several neurological disorders in the hope that it can be
adopted for treating TBI patients.
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread globally, it became evident that the SARS-CoV-2 virus infects multiple organs including the brain. Several clinical studies revealed that patients with COVID-19 infection experience an array of neurological signs ranging in severity from headaches to life-threatening strokes. Although the exact mechanism by which the SARS-CoV-2 virus directly impacts the brain is not fully understood, several theories have been suggested including direct and indirect pathways induced by the virus. One possible theory is the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 to the brain occurs either through the bloodstream or via the nerve endings which is considered to be the direct route. Such findings are based on studies reporting the presence of viral material in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain cells. Nevertheless, the indirect mechanisms, including blood-clotting abnormalities and prolonged activation of the immune system, can result in further tissue and organ damages seen during the course of the disease. This overview attempts to give a thorough insight into SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus neurological infection and highlights the possible mechanisms leading to the neurological manifestations observed in infected patients.
This cross-sectional study uses the Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis reporting guideline to assess 120 published studies about surgical prediction models.
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