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The effects of hexaflumuron consumption on the mortality of workers of the Western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus Banks, were observed following various exposures to a substrate treated with 14C-labeled hexaflumuron at 5 g kg(-1). Uptake of hexaflumuron by workers was rapid, peaking at approximately 280 ng hexaflumuron per termite 12 days after exposure. The onset of mortality began at day 8, with cumulative mortality reaching approximately 96% by day 45. Excretion of hexaflumuron from worker termites was rapid following various exposure periods, half-lives ranging from 2.1 to 4.7 days. Trophallaxis among worker termites was efficient, hexaflumuron levels in recipient termites approaching two-thirds of levels present in donor termites feeding continuously on hexaflumuron-treated filter paper. The effect of donor-to-recipient group ratios was negligible on the amounts of hexaflumuron transferred from donors to recipients. In laboratory tests, hexaflumuron diffused from a feeding source within 7 days. The presence of additional food sources appeared to inhibit movement of hexaflumuron. Movement of hexaflumuron by cannibalism and coprophagy occurred, but was significant only when termites were starved. Hexaflumuron also appeared to adversely affect egg development by preventing hatch. Hexaflumuron was readily transferred through termite groups, effectively suppressing laboratory populations of R hesperus. Variable efficacy in field situations employing baiting with hexaflumuron in southern California may be a consequence of sporadic feeding at bait stations, the rapid clearance of hexaflumuron from individual termites, and the difficulties in bait presentation (low foraging activity, poor bait station foraging fidelity) inherent in the foraging characteristics of the Western subterranean termite.

Post-Hurricane Rita mosquito surveillance was carried out in 4 east Texas counties to determine mosquito abundance, species composition, and need for mosquito control. Subsequently, aerial applications of naled (Dibrom) for mosquito control were made by the Air Force Aerial Spray Flight, while continued surveillance documented the efficacy of the applications. Psorophora columbiae was the predominant species in landing counts. Twenty-two mosquito species were represented in light trap collections with Aedes atlanitcus/tormentor, Culex nigripalpus, Ae. vexans, and Ps. columbiae making up 91% of the total. A total of 102,001 ha (252,052 acres) were aerially treated based on high mosquito abundance, exposure of first responders and residents to nuisance biting, and local interruption of electric utilities. A significant 90% decline in mosquito abundance was observed posttreatment.

Copfofermes formosanus Shirakiwinged reproductive, fop, and worker, bottom of inset Large populations of the nonnative termite can cause significant structural damage within 6 months and can destroy an unprotected home within 2 years.

The effectiveness of a novel fuselage boom configuration was tested with flat-fan nozzles on U.S. Air Force C-130H aircraft to create ultra-low volume sprays to control mosquitoes (Culicidae) and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). The mortality of mosquitoes and biting midges in bioassay cages and natural populations, using the organophosphate adulticide, naled, was measured. Mosquitoes in bioassay cages had 100% mortality at 639 m downwind in all single-pass spray trials, and most trials had >90% mortality up to 1491 m downwind. Mosquito mortality was negatively correlated with distance from the spray release point (r2 = 0.38, P < 0.001). The volume median diam of droplets collected was 44 tm at 213 m and decreased to 11 microm at 2130 m downwind of the release point. Droplet density decreased from an average of 18.4 drops/cm2 at 213 m to 2 drops/cm2 at 2130 m. Droplet densities of 10-18 droplets/cm2 were recorded at sampling stations with high mosquito mortality rates (>90%). In wide-area operational applications, numbers of mosquitoes from natural populations 1 wk postspray were 83% (range 55%-95%), lower than prespray numbers (P < 0.05). Biting midge numbers were reduced by 86% (range 53%-97%) on average (P = 0.051) after 7 days. The results of these field trials indicate that the fuselage boom configuration on C-130H aircraft are an effective method to conduct large-scale aerial sprays during military operations and public health emergencies.

Soldiers are distinguished by the dark head capsule and long mandibles. Workers hatch from eggs laid by the queen and are the only stage that feeds on wood. Colonies can attain 2 million workers within 5 years. The first reported case of a nonnative termite species being introduced and established in California was the Formosan subterranean termite, which was discovered in San Diego County in 1992. Because this termite can exact tremendous damage within a relatively short time, the affected area was defined and an attempt was made to eradicate it. Intensive baiting with the insect growth regulator hexaflumeron over 12 months appears to have eliminated the original infestation. New infestations have recently been discovered in and around homes about 1/4 mile away, and winged Formosan subterranean termites have been caught nearly 3/4 mile away. Measurements of workers and soldiers and dating of damage suggest that the new colonies are 6 to 8 years old, and that new colonies estabhshed from winged reproductives before baiting took effect at the original site. If left unabated, this pest may become increasingly more serious in California.