Mullite, an intermediate phase of the binary alumina-silica system, is one of the most important phases of ceramic products containing alumina and silica in the initial composition. Its stoichiometry ranges from 3Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 (3:2) to 2Al 2 O 3 .SiO 2 (2:1) and its crystalline structure is orthorhombic, characterized by the presence of octahedral chains of AlO 6 interconnected by tetrahedral chains of aluminum-oxygen and/or silicon-oxygen (AlO 4 /SiO 4 ). Properties such as high chemical and thermal stability, low thermal expansion and conductivity, and good mechanical strength enable a wide range of applications. Due to the relevance of this material, it is important for the scientific community to understand its microstructural characteristics, properties, methods of synthesis, and various applications. Therefore, this article aimed to make a comprehensive review on the mullite to gather and present to the reader a series of relevant information that makes it possible to deepen the knowledge about mullite.
The use of industrial waste in compositions of ceramic masses has attracted great interest from the scientific community, as they can be considered abundant and diversified alternative sources of raw materials. At the same time, there is a growing interest in the development of porous ceramics due to their wide possibilities for use in various fields of engineering. In this sense, the present work aimed to provide a literature review on the use of industrial waste as alternative raw materials in the production of porous ceramics, highlighting the innovations and technological potential of research carried out in recent years. Increasingly higher levels of industrial waste in ceramic formulations have been studied, as well as high-performance porous ceramic bodies obtained entirely from waste materials. In addition to promoting the diversification of products, the incorporation of waste in ceramic masses represents an alternative to minimize their negative effects on the environment.
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