Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and typically manifests through a progressive loss of episodic memory and cognitive function, subsequently causing language and visuospatial skills deficiencies, which are often accompanied by behavioral disorders such as apathy, aggressiveness and depression. The presence of extracellular plaques of insoluble β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau) in the neuronal cytoplasm is a remarkable pathophysiological cause in patients’ brains. Approximately 70% of the risk of developing AD can be attributed to genetics. However, acquired factors such as cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia increase the risk of AD development. The aim of the present minireview was to summarize the pathophysiological mechanism and the main risk factors for AD. As a complement, some protective factors associated with a lower risk of disease incidence, such as cognitive reserve, physical activity and diet will also be addressed.

BackgroundThe most common microcytic and hypochromic anemias are iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia trait. Several indices to discriminate iron deficiency anemia from thalassemia trait have been proposed as simple diagnostic tools. However, some of the best discriminative indices use parameters in the formulas that are only measured in modern counters and are not always available in small laboratories.The development of an index with good diagnostic accuracy based only on parameters derived from the blood cell count obtained using simple counters would be useful in the clinical routine. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a discriminative index to differentiate iron deficiency anemia from thalassemia trait.MethodsTo develop and to validate the new formula, blood count data from 106 (thalassemia trait: 23 and iron deficiency: 83) and 185 patients (thalassemia trait: 30 and iron deficiency: 155) were used, respectively. Iron deficiency, β-thalassemia trait and α-thalassemia trait were confirmed by gold standard tests (low serum ferritin for iron deficiency anemia, HbA2 > 3.5% for β-thalassemia trait and using molecular biology for the α-thalassemia trait).ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, Youden's Index, area under receiver operating characteristic curve and Kappa coefficient of the new formula, called the Matos & Carvalho Index were 99.3%, 76.7%, 95.7%, 76.0, 0.95 and 0.83, respectively.ConclusionThe performance of this index was excellent with the advantage of being solely dependent on the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count obtained from simple automatic counters and thus may be of great value in underdeveloped and developing countries.

Patients undergoing hemodialysis may show both thrombotic complications and bleeding abnormalities. Hemostatic changes in patients on hemodialysis may result from alterations in vessel wall integrity and platelet function, and reduced blood flow in the native arteriovenous fistula. Vascular complications represent 20-25% of all hospitalizations of patients on hemodialysis. Literature survey revealed that changes in the hemostatic system may play a major role in vascular complications observed in these patients. Thus, it is essential to investigate hemostatic alterations in patients on hemodialysis so that adequate regimes for anticoagulant therapy could be implemented. In this review we discuss hemostatic abnormalities in end stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis.

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To discriminate iron deficiency anemia (IDA) from β thalassemia trait (βTT), several indices obtained from modern blood count analyzers have been reported. Discrimination power of seven indices to differentiate between IDA and βTT, such as Green and King Index (GKI), RDW Index (RDWI), Srivastava Index (SRI), Mentzer Index (MI), Shine and Lal Index (SLI), Ehsani Index (EI), and Sirdah Index (SI), were evaluated. These indices were applied on 47 patients with βTT and on 289 patients with IDA, as confirmed by gold standard tests. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, efficiency, area under receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC), and Youden's Index (YI) were calculated. GKI and RDWI showed the highest reliability, as they had the largest AUCs (0.919, 0.912, respectively) and Youden's Index (70.4, 74.6, respectively). Conversely, SLI presented a less satisfactory performance (AUC = 0.786 and YI = 6.6). Data taken together suggest the superiority of GKI and RDWI to discriminate between IDA and βTT.

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RESUMO: O diabetes é, atualmente, uma das doenças mais importantes que afetam a humanidade. A Organização Mundial de Saúde tem estimulado a investigação de plantas medicinais para serem usadas em seu tratamento, uma vez que essa doença alcançará 300 milhões de pessoas em 2030. Os fitoterápicos podem atuar como forma opcional de terapêutica, considerando-se seu menor custo, cujos benefícios somam-se aos da terapia convencional. Inúmeras plantas tiveram seu efeito hipoglicêmico confirmado experimentalmente, entretanto, muitas não foram validadas como medicinais, via protocolos científicos. O trabalho objetiva identificar plantas medicinais utilizadas no Brasil como antidiabéticas, destacando algumas que tiveram efeitos hipoglicemiantes cientificamente comprovados. Foram relacionados 65 táxons, pertencentes a 35 famílias. Pelo levantamento bibliográfico constatou-se que Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (bardana), Eucaliptus globulus Labill. (eucalipto), Syzygium jambolanum DC. (jambolão), Bidens pilosa L. (picão), Salvia officinalis L. (sálvia) foram citadas 7vezes; Urtica spp. (urtigas) 9 vezes; Allium sativum L. (alho), Phyllanthus niruri L. (quebra-pedra) 10 vezes; Baccharis trimera DC. (carqueja) e Anacardium occidentale L. (cajueiro) 11 vezes, e, Bauhinia forficata Link.(pata-de-vaca), 17 vezes. A folha foi o órgão mais utilizado nas preparações. Estudos demonstraram que extratos de 'bardana', 'alho' e 'carqueja' mostraram-se eficientes como terapia complementar em diabéticos. Experimentos apontam para a validade do uso de 'pata-de-vaca' nesse tratamento. Estudo clínico mostrou o efeito hipoglicemiante da casca do 'cajueiro'. Os resultados demonstram a importância dos fitomedicamentos como coadjuvantes no tratamento do diabetes tipo 2. Pesquisas que comprovem a ação terapêutica de princípios ativos vegetais são fundamentais para garantir eficácia e segurança da sua utilização, por profissionais de saúde.