In this research, statistical models are formulated to study the effect of the health crisis arising from COVID-19 in global markets. Breakpoints in the price series of stock indexes are considered. Such indexes are used as an approximation of the stock markets in different countries, taking into account that they are indicative of these markets because of their composition. The main results obtained in this investigation highlight that countries with better institutional and economic conditions are less affected by the pandemic. In addition, the effect of the health index in the models is associated with their non-significant parameters. This is due to that the health index used in the modeling would not determine the different capacities of the countries analyzed to respond efficiently to the pandemic effect. Therefore, the contagion is the preponderant factor when analyzing the structural breakdown that occurred in the world economy.

COVID-19 infections have plagued the world and led to deaths with a heavy pneumonia manifestation. The main objective of this investigation is to evaluate the performance of certain economies during the crisis derived from the COVID-19 pandemic. The gross domestic product (GDP) and global health security index (GHSI) of the countries belonging–or not–to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) are considered. In this paper, statistical models are formulated to study this performance. The models’ specifications include, as the response variable, the GDP variation/growth percentage in 2020, and as the covariates: the COVID-19 disease rate from its start in March 2020 until 31 December 2020; the GHSI of 2019; the countries’ risk by default spreads from July 2019 to May 2020; belongingness or not to the OECD; and the GDP per capita in 2020. We test the heteroscedasticity phenomenon present in the modeling. The variable “COVID-19 cases per million inhabitants” is statistically significant, showing its impact on each country’s economy through the GDP variation. Therefore, we report that COVID-19 cases affect domestic economies, but that OECD membership and other risk factors are also relevant.

Sharpe’s ratio is the most widely used index for establishing an order of priority for the portfolios to which the investor has access, and the purpose of this investigation is to verify that Sharpe’s ratio allows decisions to be made in investment portfolios considering different financial market conditions. The research is carried out by autoregressive model (AR) of the financial series of returns using Sharpe’s ratio for evaluations looking over the priority of financial assets which the investor can access while observing the effects that can cause autocorrelated series in evaluation measures for financial assets. The results presented in this study confirm the hypothesis proposed in which Sharpe’s ratio allows decisions to be made in the selection of investment portfolios under normal conditions thanks to the definition of a robustness function, whose empirical estimation shows an average 73% explanation of the variance in the degradation of the Spearman coefficient for each of the performance measures; however, given the presence of autocorrelation in the financial series of returns, this similarity is broken.

En los países en proceso de desarrollo las empresas están presentando sus reportes de sustentabilidad, lo que ha llevado a interesarse en implementar un índice que pueda medir el desarrollo sustentable de las empresas como un índice adicional y complementario a los existentes en el mercado. El propósito de este estudio es relacionar el Dow Jones Sustainability Index Chile (DJSIC) con los ingresos, resultados y la ROE (rentabilidad sobre el patrimonio) generados por las empresas que lo componen, los objetivos están asociados a describir la asociación de las últimas publicaciones con la relación de las variables presentadas en esta investigación, generar las relaciones entre cada una de las variables y explicar los posibles efectos que generan dichas correlaciones. Metodológicamente se han considerado las 26 empresas chilenas que componen el Dow Jones Sustainability Index Chile, se aplicó la prueba de normalidad y de correlación, adicionalmente se agregó el IGPA que es un índice general para comparar la relación que existe con las empresas en función de las variables claves que se propusieron inicialmente (ingresos, resultados y ROE) , el estudio contempla el análisis de tres años considerando los resutados finales de las empresas, teniendo en cuanta que el índice comenzó a operar en Chile en el año 2015. Los resultados indican que existe una correlación entre los ingresos y el DJSI Chile (70% de las empresas), en relación con los resultados existe una correlación del 62% de las empresas bajo estudio, y la correlación con el Roe es bastante más baja 46%, en estudios posteriores es posible realizar la correlación con una longitud de tiempo mayor, de modo de considerar que el Índice este vinculado a los ingresos inicialmente por tener un grado de correlación mayor en este estudio y luego a los resultados empresariales y/o Roe.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and measure the impact of the variables affecting the increase in the number of patents as a way to advance the development of policies in countries in terms of sustainable development based on innovation. An econometric estimation of a mixed model was used to measure the impact of patent development on the countries analyzed in this research. The findings suggest that economies that have some relevance in research and development have increasing numbers of patents. Thus, the empirical findings relate to the theoretical models that state that comparative advantages may be dynamic due to technological innovation. Finally, this paper shows that innovation is a central parameter to engage in research and develop a knowledge-based economy.