Estimating the coastline or shoreline is one of the crucial components in determining coastal accretion and erosion and in analysing coastal morph dynamics. In recent years, the socioeconomic pressure has increased on the Sidi Abdel Rahman coast area with the impact of climate change, which has led to the destabilisation of the coast. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the shoreline changes along the coast in the study area using remote sensing data for the period 2007 to 2021, modeling the shoreline change through the study area, and predicting shoreline change in the period from 2021 to 2024. It also suggests the type of protection required for the area from waves and sea currents.
The purpose of breakwaters is to protect the ports, beaches, or beach facilities from strong waves and storms, as they help establish calm inside the port and thus achieve safety for ships and ease of operation. This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of unconventional alternatives to the vertical breakwater in order to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of the proposed models. Two proposed cases for a semi-submerged breakwater were selected in the form of a half-pipe section with an inside diameter of 20 cm and a thickness of 1 cm. Case (a) was of the concave type of semicircular breakwater, while case (b) was of the convex type. Numerical modeling FLOW 3D was used to construct numerous scenarios for numerical simulation of the proposed breakwaters. The obtained results indicates that, when comparing the wave transmission coefficient (Kt) and its reflection coefficient (Kr) with the relative water depth (h/L), the transmission coefficient decreased with the relative height of the wave, while the reflection coefficient was completely reversed. In case (a), Kt was less than in case (b) at a range of 10% to 15%, while Kr in case (a) was bigger than in case (b) at a range of 5% to 10%. When the wave hit the breakwater, it was reflected back as its energy is dissipated in less water depth and its speed decreases as it approaches the port. The velocity of the wave decreases as it approaches the bottom, which means that the wave is affected by the depth of the water, i.e. the lower the water depth, the lower the wave velocity. Case (a) was more efficient and effective in wave dissipation, current velocity, and bed stability than case (b), so it is recommended to use case (a) due to its efficiency in protecting coastal areas and generating electricity.
The assessment of water needs is one of the key elements in the development of the water budget Which is a very important issue in the field of irrigation. Assessing the water needs is the first essential step to develop future development plans and planning the strategic planning of irrigation projects. This paper presents a study on the irrigation water needs and the impact of climate change on the quantities of water used for irrigation. This study was conducted on three crops in Marsa Matrouh, which are banana, sweet pepper and potato. The method used to do so is "Cropwat" based on some input information such as climate, rain, crop, soil and crop pattern for the study area. The Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate ETo was calculated with the following basic data temperature, humidity, sunshine and wind speed. In this study, crop coefficients (Kc) were applied to different growth stages of crops (banana, sweet pepper, and potato) to control and estimate actual evaporation ETc through the through a water balance of the irrigation water requirements (IR). The results showed the annual (ETo) was estimated at 1109.6 mm. The lowest daily value of ETo of 1.37 mm, was observed in December month, while the highest value 4.51 mm was observed in June. One of the factors that affect the increase in evapotranspiration (ETo) and thus the irrigation needs is temperature, as it has a great direct impact on plants. An important factor in the occurrence of soil moisture is precipitation, as this process plays a major role in increasing crop productivity. Through The crop evapotranspiration ETc and the crop irrigation requirements calculations, irrigation projects can then be scheduled in different seasons for water use efficiency based on these results. The net irrigation demand, the gross irrigation demand and irrigation interval for the various crops grown have been computed. In this paper, the author briefed using CR+OPWAT 8.0 to assess the water needs and provide general guidance to produce three kinds of crops banana crop, sweet pepper crop, and potato crop, all in Ma-trouh Governorate located in the north coast in Egypt.
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