Immigration and asylum has become a highly politicised policy area in Western Europe, where discourses resting on refugees as à burden' have prompted policy measures to disperse them. This paper examines the operation of refugee dispersal in Denmark using an integrated mixed-method approach. Macro-scale patterns are examined using statistical data, revealing that, at a national scale, the objectives of dispersal have been achieved, and refugees have been dispersed relatively evenly between regions, but at a regional scale, the reality has been different. In direct contradiction to the stated aims of the policy, dispersal has primarily been housing-led, and has occurred mainly in areas of relative social deprivation. Dispersal has effectively constituted a process of sociospatial ethnic segregation. Micro-scale processes are elucidated through the use of in-depth interviews with a small number of refugees, which reveal signi®cant isolation and social exclusion among dispersed refugees. There is also evidence that the policy, formulated within a culturally racist discourse in the public sphere, has also contributed to this discourse through the stigmatisation of refugees, a situation exacerbated by high levels of unemployment among the ethnic minorities generally. This paper therefore warns against the social engineering inherent within the conceptualisation of dispersal which, in effect, has resulted in the spatial segregation of refugees in areas experiencing pre-existing deprivation and social exclusion, and the inherent dangers that this entails in fuelling resentment and anti-refugee hostility.
This study investigated the effect of an acute, prolonged, intermittent, high-intensity single-leg pedalling exercise task (PIHIET) on the isokinetic leg strength of the knee flexors in six male and seven female collegiate soccer players. Following determination of single-leg VO(2peak), subjects completed a PIHIET designed to simulate the energetics of soccer match play (approximately 90 min in total; approximately 70% single-leg VO(2peak)). Pre-, mid- and post-PIHIET gravity-corrected indices of knee flexion peak torque (PT) and range of motion-relativised torque at 15% of knee flexion (RRT(15%); 0% = full knee extension) were assessed at a lever-arm angular velocity of 1.05 rad.s(-1)for intervention and control limbs using an isokinetic dynamometer. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed significant condition (PIHIET, control) x time (pre-, mid-, post-PIHIET) interactions for knee flexion PT (F([2,22])=26.2; P<0.001) and RRT(15%) (F([2,22])=20.1; P<0.001). Flexion PT and RRT(15% )were observed to decrease, pre- to post-intervention, from 92.8 (28.7) N.m to 72.1 (28.0) N.m and from 63.8 (17.5) N.m to 47.9 (18.4) N.m respectively, for the intervention limb alone. These data corresponded to 22.3% and 24.9% mean reductions pre-post intervention in PT and RRT(15%). Exploratory post hoc analysis of the pattern of the relative deterioration (%) of PT and RRT(15%), for the intervention limb alone, revealed a three-way interaction [group (male, female) x parameter (PT, RRT(15%)) x assessment phase (pre- to mid-PIHIET, mid- to post-PIHIET)] (F(1,11)=5.2; P<0.05). This interaction characterised a greater deterioration of strength performance during the mid- to post-PIHIET assessment phase, at the extremes of range of motion (RRT(15%)) for the female group. The greater percentage of mid-post phase strength loss observed in women near the end-range extension may potentially be implicated in the higher incidence of knee injury reported in female soccer players.
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