Meloidogyne incognita root-knot nematode is one of the main causes of tomato root damage and consequently crop production losses. Thus, in in vitro conditions, the number of nematodes hatched eggs (%) at 4 and 6 days and nematode mortality (J2 stage) at 8, 18, and 24 h, were evaluated in Petri dishes containing the candidate rhizobacteria Enterobacter asburiae (BA4-19 and PM3-14), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (BM2-12), Klebsiella variicola (BO3-4) and Serratia marcescens (PM3-8). The well-known Pseudomonas protegens (CHA0) and P. veronii (R4) were used as controls. In greenhouse conditions, plant height, root weight, and symptoms, as well as gall and nematode numbers, were determined in tomato plants infected by M. incognita and treated with the seven rhizobacteria. In addition, all variables were correlated using Pearson's analysis. In general, a significant correlation was observed among the variables of both experiments, showing the antagonistic capacity of the strains against nematode. It seems, that PM3-8 and PM3-14 strains reduce hatching, and cause mortality of nematodes J2 if compared with CHA0 and R4 strains. Likewise, tomato treated with BM2-12 strain shows a higher height and root weight, as well as a smaller number of galls and nematodes in their roots. This study provides evidence that PM3-8 and PM3-14 strains reduce the M. incognita egg hatching, and that the BM2-12 strain can be a plant growth-promoter potential of tomato plants.
Asparagus cultivation is highly profitable and is appreciated in international gourmet cuisine. In Mexico, the production of this vegetable is mainly for export, in the state of Veracruz it has been recently introduced. The objective of the research was to characterize by morphology, molecular techniques and pathogenicity test the Fusarium species isolated from symptomatic tissues of asparagus shoot. A directed sampling was carried out on plants that showed rot, wilting and dark brown spots. Fungal isolates were obtained from diseased shoots, which were disinfected and seeded on potato dextrose agar. Isolates were purified in monosporic cultures by hyphal tip. Four species of Fusarium were identified by taxonomic morphology, in a selective carnation leaf agar medium, then pathogenicity tests were carried out, complying with Koch's postulates. Next, the strains that were pathogenic were characterized by molecular techniques, and their identity as Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum was confirmed. The information obtained allows the implementation of appropriate management strategies for pathogenic species and thereby avoids economic losses in the short, medium, and long term in the asparagus crop.
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