This article reviews recent literature in chronic illness or long-term health management including asthma, contraception, diabetes, HIV disease, and hypertension/cardiovascular disease, mental disorders, pain, and other diseases to determine the relationship between regimen factors and adherence to medications. The authors conducted an electronic literature search to detect articles published between 1998 and 2007. Articles were included if they pertained to a chronic illness or to contraception, included a clear definition of how adherence was measured, and included regimen factors as primary or secondary explanatory variables. Methodology of the studies varied greatly, as did methods of measuring adherence and regimen factors. Surprisingly few of these articles concerned (1) chronic treatment, (2) regimen factors such as dosing, pill burden, and regimen complexity, and (3) adherence measured in a clear manner. Most studies failed to use state-of-theart methods of measuring adherence. Despite these flaws, a suggestive pattern of the importance of regimen factors, specifically dose frequency and regimen complexity, emerged from this review.

A brief motivational intervention can reduce the risk of an AEP.

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01438697.

For HIV-infected patients, experiencing multiple traumas is associated with AIDS-related and all-cause mortality, increased opportunistic infections, progression to AIDS, and decreased adherence to therapy. The impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) on adherence and HIV outcomes is unknown. HIV-infected patients recruited from a public HIV clinic participated in this observational cohort study (n = 251). Participants completed interviews evaluating IPV and covariates. CD4 count < 200 (CD4 < 200), detectable HIV viral load (VL), and engagement in care (''no show rate'' [NSR]) were the outcomes of interest. Medication adherence was not measured. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed with covariates included if p < 0.3 in the univariate phase. Seventy-four percent of the participants were male, 55% Caucasian, and 52.2% selfidentified as ''men who have sex with men.'' IPV prevalence was 33.1% with no difference by gender or sexual orientation. In univariate analysis, IPV exposure predicted having a CD4 < 200 ( p = 0.005) and a detectable VL ( p = 0.04) but trended toward significance with a high NSR ( p = 0.077). Being threatened by a partner was associated with a CD4 < 200 ( p = 0.005), a detectable VL ( p = 0.011), and high NSR ( p = 0.019) in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, IPV predicted having a CD4 < 200 ( p = 0.005) and detectable VL ( p = 0.035). Being threatened by a partner predicted having a CD4 < 200 ( p = 0.020), a detectable VL ( p = 0.007), and a high NSR ( p = 0.020). Our results suggest IPV impacts biologic outcomes and engagement in care for HIV-infected patients. IPV alone predicts worse biologic outcomes, whereas the specific experience of being threatened by a partner was associated with all three outcomes in univariate and multivariate analyses.