Cytogenetic analyses of four consecutive hepatoblastomas revealed near-diploid stemline karyotypes with relatively simple chromosome aberrations. Cytogenetic abnormalities shared by each tumor included trisomy for all of part of chromosome 2 and trisomy for chromosome 20. In two cases, partial trisomy for chromosome 2 resulted from direct duplication of long arm material with the shortest region of overlap being 2q23-2q35. In one tumor, each metaphase also contained a variable number of double minute chromosomes found not to derive from NMYC amplification. Interestingly, trisomy for 2q and trisomy 20 are also characteristic events in pediatric embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. Furthermore, others have reported loss of heterozygosity for the short arm of chromosome 11 in both hepatoblastoma and childhood embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and both these malignant diseases are associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. These cytogenetic and molecular findings suggest a parallel pathway of genetic steps in the initiation and/or progression of tumors of embryonal liver and skeletal muscle.

A phase I clinical trial was conducted in which recombinant adenovirus containing the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane regulator (CFTR) (Ad2/CFTR) was administered by bronchoscopic instillation or aerosolization to the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In this paper, we evaluate the efficiency of Ad2/CFTR-mediated transduction of bronchial airway cells. The ability of an Ad2/CFTR vector to transduce airway cells was first evaluated in patients to whom the vector was administered by bronchoscopic instillation. Cells at the administration site were collected 2 days after treatment by bronchoscopic brushing. Ad2-specific CFTR DNA was detected in four of five individuals by PCR, and Ad2-specific CFTR RNA was detected in three of five individuals by RT-PCR. Ad2/CFTR-mediated transduction of airway epithelial cells was then determined in CF individuals receiving this vector by aerosol inhalation. Ad2-specific CFTR DNA was detected in 13 of 13 individuals 2 days after aerosolization, and in 3 of 5 individuals 7 days after aerosolization. Ad2-specific RNA was detected in 4 of 13 individuals on day 2, but was not detected in the 5 individuals tested on day 7. The percentage of airway epithelial cells containing nuclear-localized vector DNA was < or =2.4% as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). However, in some cases, a high percentage of nonepithelial mononuclear cells or squamous metaplastic epithelial cells was infected with the adenoviral vector. In conclusion, aerosol administration is a feasible means to distribute adenoviral vectors throughout the conducting airways, but improvements in adenovirus-mediated transduction of airway epithelial cells are necessary before gene therapy for CF will be effective.

We assessed the prognostic significance of leukemia cell cytogenetics by analyzing bone marrow aspirates obtained at time of diagnosis in 165 children on a single protocol for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These children were assigned to six mutually exclusive cytogenetic categories as follows: (1) hyperdiploid, with 50 or more chromosomes (n = 35); (2) hyperdiploid, with 47 to 49 chromosomes (n = 11); (3) diploid (n = 42); (4) pseudodiploid (n = 34); (5) hypodiploid (n = 9); and (6) insufficient data (n = 34). At a median follow-up of 5 years, there were no statistically significant differences between any of these cytogenetic categories in either event-free or overall survival. Those children with chromosomal translocations (n = 26) appeared to fare the same as those lacking translocations (n = 105). The absence of karyotypic prognostic significance was observed not only within the overall group, but also when the results were stratified by standard- risk and high-risk status. Of the specific structural chromosome changes that we studied, only the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) appeared to confer a poor prognosis, although there were too few such cases to achieve statistical significance. Although we did not detect the event- free survival differences that have been described previously in hyperdiploid, hypodiploid, and pseudodiploid childhood ALL, our findings must be viewed as preliminary given the small number of children in some of the cytogenetic categories. We think that the prognostic implications of these cytogenetic features might have been nullified by improvements in therapy.

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We assessed the prognostic significance of leukemia cell cytogenetics by analyzing bone marrow aspirates obtained at time of diagnosis in 165 children on a single protocol for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These children were assigned to six mutually exclusive cytogenetic categories as follows: (1) hyperdiploid, with 50 or more chromosomes (n = 35); (2) hyperdiploid, with 47 to 49 chromosomes (n = 11); (3) diploid (n = 42); (4) pseudodiploid (n = 34); (5) hypodiploid (n = 9); and (6) insufficient data (n = 34). At a median follow-up of 5 years, there were no statistically significant differences between any of these cytogenetic categories in either event-free or overall survival. Those children with chromosomal translocations (n = 26) appeared to fare the same as those lacking translocations (n = 105). The absence of karyotypic prognostic significance was observed not only within the overall group, but also when the results were stratified by standard- risk and high-risk status. Of the specific structural chromosome changes that we studied, only the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) appeared to confer a poor prognosis, although there were too few such cases to achieve statistical significance. Although we did not detect the event- free survival differences that have been described previously in hyperdiploid, hypodiploid, and pseudodiploid childhood ALL, our findings must be viewed as preliminary given the small number of children in some of the cytogenetic categories. We think that the prognostic implications of these cytogenetic features might have been nullified by improvements in therapy.

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