Streptococcosis is a bacterial disease in tilapia that produces economic losses, caused mainly by Streptococcus agalactiae and S. iniae. It is treated using oxytetracycline and florfenicol, which when inappropriately used promotes the selection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The disease has been mainly associated with stress events such as variations in temperature. The aims of the present study were (1) to detect by molecular methods two species of Streptococcus sp. in a tilapia farm, (2) to relate their presence to physicochemical parameters in the culture system, and (3) to detect the presence of ARGs in tilapia tissues and/or ponds. Tilapia grow-out ponds (n = 30) were sampled, collecting 15 individuals per pond. The physicochemical parameters of water were measured in each pond. Per pond, organs such as the liver, spleen, brain, and eyes were collected from each individual. Then, each organ type was pooled with the respective organ of the other individuals, processed for DNA extraction, and used for PCR analyses to determine the presence of S. agalactiae and S. iniae and for the detection of ARGs (tetM, tetO, fexA, and ermB). The correlations between the presence of S. agalactiae and water physicochemical parameters were determined. Sixty percent of the ponds and 46% of the organ pools were positive for S. agalactiae, whereas S. iniae was not detected. The positive samples showed the following resistance genes: tet(O) (29.1%), tet(M) (12.7%), and erm(B) (1.8%). A moderate but significant positive correlation was found between temperature and the presence of S. agalactiae. This work reported the molecular detection of two species of Streptococcus and ARGs, providing information that allows fast and effective control of these pathogens in tilapia farming. In addition, a future complementary study on Streptococcus sp. serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance genes from tilapia cultured in Costa Rica could also contribute to increase the knowledge of S. agalactiae infections in tilapia farming worldwide.
Introducción. Los cultivos genéticamente modificados (CGM) son de particular interés, debido al impacto en la economía global. Por lo tanto, como preocupación general, muchos países han establecido regulaciones con respecto a estos organismos. En Costa Rica, el cultivo de OGM se realiza desde 1991; sin embargo, existe un faltante de estudios que monitoreen la ejecución y el cumplimiento de las regulaciones de bioseguridad. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la presencia o ausencia de transgenicidad en alimentos procesados para consumo humano y animal, así como en semillas provenientes de algodón. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la técnica de PCR tiempo real dirigida a la secuencia promotora 35S, derivada del virus del mosaico de la coliflor (CaMV, siglas en inglés), como marcador para detectar presencia de transgenes en alimentos procesados para consumo humano y animal y en semillas de algodón, silvestre o cultivado, recolectadas en áreas aledañas a una finca de algodón GM en mayo de 2017. Resultados. En las muestras analizadas hubo una alta incidencia de fragmentos de 82 pb, correspondientes a la secuencia promotora 35S, que estuvo ausente solo en cultivos de maíz orgánico y sus derivados (tortillas y harina de maíz). Los resultados sugieren la presencia de trazas de OGM en el mercado alimentario costarricense; adicionalmente, revela la urgencia de implementar un adecuado etiquetado para trazabilidad alimentaria. Se identificó, además, la presencia de algodón transgénico en las cercanías de una finca de algodón GM, lo que sugiere la pertinencia de vigilancia en aspectos de bioseguridad y manipulación genética de cultivos. Conclusiones. La presencia de trazas de OGM en alimentos procesados muestra la importancia de continuar este monitoreo para proveer elementos de discusión en cuanto a trazabilidad alimentaria y potencial flujo de transgenes en material vegetal silvestre.
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