Background: Family Planning (FP) is a key developmental focus for the government of Nepal. Use of modern contraceptives has stagnated at 43.2% since 2011. Unmet need for family planning (FP) in Nepal remains high at 27%. Despite relatively high unmet need, a factor contributing to this levelling of contraceptive use is the limited range of methods available to most clients at most sites. To address the FP need among married women of reproductive age (WRA), we tested integration of FP into agricultural programs. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of a FP program integrated into an agriculture (e.g., non-health) sector program. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional (post interventional) study was conducted November 2015 to February 2016 among 525 WRA participating in an agriculture program. Results: The contraceptives commonly used by women in the study location were Depo Provera and Minilap. After Technical Integration Coverage and Access (TICA) interventions, almost all of the respondents (99.6%) had heard about FP of which 67.8% correctly understood FP as a method to prevent unwanted pregnancy. About 50% of the respondents were found currently using FP. The percentage of WRA aware of long-acting and permanent FP methods increased from 49.0% to 62.0% and 39.0% to 52.0% respectively. Decisions on using a FP method were predominantly made by the husband (68.0%). However, 68.4% women reported that they were accompanied by their husband. The proportion of men willing to use FP increased from 5.2% to 15.5% after TICA activities implementation. The main reason identified for not currently using FP devices was that the husband and wife were not living together (88.8%). Most of the women (98.0%) reported that FP utilization improved their quality of life. Conclusion: TICA activities were very successful in both increasing FP knowledge level as well as utilizing FP services among the targeted beneficiaries. The use of FP increased
The Penn Treebank has recently implemented a new syntactic annotation scheme, designed to highlight aspects of predicate-argument structure. This paper discusses the implementation of crucial aspects of this new annotation scheme. It incorporates a more consistent treatment of a wide range of grammatical phenomena, provides a set of coindexed null elements in what can be thought of as "underlying" position for phenomena such as wh-movement, passive, and the subjects of infinitival constructions, provides some non-context free annotational mechanism to allow the structure of discontinuous constituents to be easily recovered, and allows for a clear, concise tagging system for some semantic roles.
A study was conducted in Dakar, Senegal, to measure reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use among young adults, and access to family planning services. A household survey was conducted with 1973 single and married women aged 15-24 and 936 single men aged 15-19. Two focus groups and a simulated client study were also conducted. The survey and focus groups noted gaps in knowledge of family planning methods and reproductive health. There were misconceptions about methods and only one-third of men and women aged 15-19 correctly identified the time of the menstrual cycle when a women is most likely to get pregnant. Contraceptive use at time of first premarital sexual experience was less than 30%. The simulated client study noted many barriers to services. 'Clients' felt uncomfortable in the clinics and felt that providers were reluctant to take care of them. None of the 'clients' who requested contraception received it.
This paper analyses the issue of adolescents' access to family planning services and information on reproductive health. The data used in this paper are a part of a broader study conducted in 1995 in Dakar (Senegal) by the Committee for Studies on Women, Family and Environment in Africa (COSWFEVA/CEFFEVA) and Family Health International. The findings present information on adolescents' perceptions of premarital sexual activity and contraceptive use and the different types of barriers to access to family planning, using data obtained primarily from focus group discussions with adolescents 16 to 20 years old and a mystery client study. In this approach, 12 of the adolescents participating in the focus group discussions visited clinics as clients and requested contraceptive methods or information. The results indicate that adolescents did not approve of premarital sexual relations, were less likely to approve of contraceptive use by adolescents than by married men and women, and felt embarrassed to go to the services. They were also disappointed by the providers' reception and response to their needs. The content of the counselling offered by the providers was moralistic, encouraging girls to abstain from having sexual intercourse until marriage. The discussions of the findings related adolescents' and providers' attitudes to the socio-cultural context in which adolescent sexuality takes place. In this context, sexuality is closely linked to marriage and childbearing, which affects the impact of classical programs on adolescent health. Alternative solutions such as the life skills development approach could be promoted in order to reach both in-school and out-of-school adolescents.
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