Overall, children with cardiovascular disease perceived lower quality of life than healthy children across all age groups. As perceived by parents, overall quality of life was not significantly different in young children with cardiovascular disease, but children with more severe cardiovascular disease have worse physical and psychosocial quality of life. One in 5 children with cardiovascular disease perceives impaired psychosocial functioning, including children with mild disease severity.
Response delays to predator attack may be adaptive, suggesting that latency to respond does not always reflect predator detection time, but can be a decision based on starvation-predation risk trade-offs. In birds, some anti-predator behaviours have been shown to be correlated with personality traits such as activity level and exploration. Here, we tested for a correlation between exploration behaviour and response latency time to a simulated fish predator attack in a fish species, juvenile convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata). Individual focal fish were subjected to a standardized attack by a robotic fish predator while foraging, and separately given two repeated trials of exploration of a novel environment. We found a strong positive correlation between exploration and time taken to respond to the predator model. Fish that were fast to explore the novel environment were slower to respond to the predator. Our study therefore provides some of the first experimental evidence for a link between exploration behaviour and predator-escape behaviour. We suggest that different behavioural types may differ in how they partition their attention between foraging and anti-predator vigilance.
The current study utilized both variable- and person-oriented analyses to examine correlates
of early disruptive behavior problems. Participants included 80 preschool boys referred to a child
psychiatry clinic and diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (with or without
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) and 80 case-matched normal comparison boys. The study
examined four domains of correlates: vulnerable child characteristics, poor parenting practices,
insecure attachment, and adverse family ecology. Results indicated that the combination of these
factors provided relatively high sensitivity (81%) and specificity (85%), clearly
differentiating referred from comparison boys. A dramatic increase in clinic status occurred when
three or more factors were present, and specific combinations of factors were differentially
predictive of conduct problems. However, no correlates were found to be either necessary or
sufficient for clinic status. By maintaining the integrity of individual cases, person-oriented
analyses were able to answer different questions than more traditional variable-oriented analyses.
Discussion focuses on the value of person-oriented analyses for understanding heterogeneous
clinical groups.
Early parent-based intervention reduced child antisocial behaviour and benefits were maintained, with reduced reliance on health and social service provision, over time.
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