The most promising interventions for schools appear to be gatekeeper training and screening programs. However, more research is needed.

Individually, each nurse has the power to shape the image of nursing. However, nurses must also work together to change the systems that perpetuate negative stereotypes of nurses' image.

Moving beyond dualism creates new possibilities for leading nurses out of oppression.

Engagement at an early stage of treatment can be a useful predictor for later hostility risk, well-being and functioning. To promote better outcomes for difficult-to-engage youth, service delivery needs to focus on collaborative client involvement, the development of a 'strong' therapeutic alliance and individualization of treatment in regard to client needs.

IO might be an effective early intervention strategy to minimize risk of harm and decrease hospitalization in young people. However, conclusions are provisional as there was no control group included in this study. Further study is required, perhaps with a waiting list control.