Fentanyl is an addictive prescription opioid that is over 80 times more potent than morphine. The synthetic nature of fentanyl has enabled the creation of dangerous 'designer drug' analogues that escape toxicology screening, yet display comparable potency to the parent drug. Alarmingly, a large number of fatalities have been linked to overdose of fentanyl derivatives. Herein, we report an effective immunotherapy for reducing the psychoactive effects of fentanyl class drugs. A single conjugate vaccine was created that elicited high levels of antibodies with cross-reactivity for a wide panel of fentanyl analogues. Moreover, vaccinated mice gained significant protection from lethal fentanyl doses. Lastly, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based technique was established enabling drug specificity profiling of antibodies derived directly from serum. Our newly developed fentanyl vaccine and analytical methods may assist in the battle against synthetic opioid abuse. Fentanyl is an effective synthetic opioid that is used legally as a schedule II prescription pain reliever. However, fentanyl presents a significant abuse liability due to the euphoric feeling it induces via activation of μ-opioid receptors (MOR) in the brain; the same pharmacological target as the illegal schedule I opioid, heroin.[1] Excessive activation of MOR results in respiratory depression which can be fatal.[2] Fentanyl exceeds the potency of heroin by >10-fold, and morphine by >80-fold posing a significant risk of overdose when it is consumed from unregulated sources.[3] Furthermore, the ease of fentanyl synthesis enables illegal production and the creation of designer drug analogues.[4] The fact that the pharmacology of these analogues has yet to be properly characterized makes them particularly dangerous, especially when certain modifications, even methyl additions, can increase potency, notably at the 3-position (Figure 1 The basis of this strategy involves active vaccination of a protein-drug conjugate to generate an in vivo 'immunoantagonist', which effectively minimizes concentrations of the target drug at the sites of action. As a result, the vaccine reduces the addiction liability and overdose potential of the specific drug. In this work, we report the first instance of an efficacious fentanyl conjugate vaccine. Upon immunization, this vaccine successfully stimulated endogenous generation of IgG antibodies with specificity for fentanyl class drugs. Moreover, mouse antiserum showed nanomolar affinity for a variety of fentanyl analogues by SPRanalytical methods. When mice were dosed with potentially lethal quantities of fentanyl analogues, the vaccine imparted significant protection. No other vaccines to date have demonstrated blockade of the acutely lethal effects of any drugs of abuse. Importantly, our research efforts have yielded significant progress for mitigating the pharmacodynamic effects of fentanyl class drugs. In developing a fentanyl vaccine, hapten design presented the initial and possibly the most crucial challenge. As ...

Raf/MEK-1/MAPK cascade inhibitor activity-directed fractionation of the sponge Stylissa massa afforded eight known alkaloids: aldisine (1), 2-bromoaldisine (2), 10Z-debromohymenialdisine (3), 10E-hymenialdisine (4), 10Z-hymenialdisine (5), hymenin (6), oroidin (7), and 4,5-dibromopyrrole-2-carbonamide (8). Both 4 and 5 showed significant enzyme inhibitory activity (IC(50) 3 and 6 nM, respectively). Secondary assays identified these compounds as potent MEK-1 inhibitors. Compounds 4 and 5 also inhibited the growth of human tumor LoVo cells.

Full details of studies are disclosed on the total synthesis of binding pocket analogues of vancomycin, bearing the peripheral L-vancosaminyl-1,2-D-glucosyl disaccharide, that contain changes to a key single atom in the residue 4 amide (residue 4 carbonyl O → S, NH, H2) designed to directly address the underlying molecular basis of resistance to vancomycin. Also disclosed are studies piloting the late stage transformations conducted on the synthetically more accessible C-terminus hydroxymethyl aglycon derivatives and full details of the peripheral chlorobiphenyl functionalization of all the binding pocket modified vancomycin analogues designed for dual D-Ala-D-Ala/D-Ala-D-Lac binding are reported. Their collective assessment indicate that combined binding pocket and chlorobiphenyl peripherally modified analogues exhibit a remarkable spectrum of antimicrobial activity (VSSA, MRSA, VanA and VanB VRE) and impressive potencies against both vancomycin-sensitive and vancomycin-resistant bacteria (MICs = 0.06–0.005 μg/mL and 0.5–0.06 μg/mL for the amidine and methylene analogues, respectively) and likely benefit from two independent and synergistic mechanisms of action, only one of which is dependent on D-Ala-D-Ala/D-Ala-D-Lac binding. Such analogues are likely to display especially durable antibiotic activity not prone to rapidly acquired clinical resistance.

Studies on the further development of the sequential glycosylations of the vancomycin aglycon catalyzed by the glycosyltransferases GtfE and GtfD and the observation of unusual, perhaps unexpected, aglycon substrate substituent effects on the rate and efficiency of the initial glycosylation reaction are reported.

Cocaine abuse is problematic, directly and indirectly impacting the lives of millions, and yet existing therapies are inadequate and usually ineffective. A cocaine vaccine would be a promising alternative therapeutic option, but efficacy is hampered by variable production of anticocaine antibodies. Thus, new tactics and strategies for boosting cocaine vaccine immunogenicity must be explored. Flagellin is a bacterial protein that stimulates the innate immune response via binding to extracellular Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and also via interaction with intracellular NOD-like receptor C4 (NLRC4), leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Reasoning that flagellin could serve as both carrier and adjuvant, we modified recombinant flagellin protein to display a cocaine hapten termed GNE. The resulting conjugates exhibited dose-dependent stimulation of anti-GNE antibody production. Moreover, when adjuvanted with alum, but not with liposomal MPLA, GNE-FliC was found to be better than our benchmark GNE-KLH. This work represents a new avenue for exploration in the use of hapten-flagellin conjugates to elicit antihapten immune responses.

A leading nicotine conjugate vaccine was only efficacious for one-third of clinical trial participants, likely due in part to its use of racemic nicotine hapten, (±)-3'-AmNic. Immunization of male Wistar rats with (+)-, (-)-, or (±)-3'-AmNicSucTT and subsequent antibody immunoassays suggest that a vaccine using enantiopure (-)-3'-AmNic hapten imparts superior capacity to bind (-)-nicotine. Future nicotine vaccine clinical candidates must incorporate this design consideration (i.e., hapten enantiopurity) in order to maximize efficacy.

Vaccines for drugs of abuse have yet to achieve full clinical relevance, largely due to poor/inconsistent immune responses in patients. The use of multivalent scaffolding as a means to tailor drug–hapten density and clustering was examined in the context of drug-immune response modulation. A modular trivalent hapten containing a diglycine spacer, triAM1(Gly)2, was synthesized and shown to elicit anti-nicotine antibodies at equivalent affinity and concentration to the monovalent AM1 analog, despite in this instance having a lower effective hapten density. Augmenting this data, the corresponding monovalent hapten AM1(Gly)2 resulted in enhanced antibody affinity and concentration. Drug-hapten clustering represents a new vaccine paradigm, and, while examined only in the context of nicotine, it should be readily translatable to other drugs of abuse.

Fentanyl is an addictive prescription opioid that is over 80 times more potent than morphine.The synthetic nature of fentanyl has enabled the creation of dangerous "designer drug" analogues that escape toxicology screening,y et display comparable potency to the parent drug. Alarmingly,alarge number of fatalities have been linked to overdose of fentanyl derivatives.H erein, we report an effective immunotherapyfor reducing the psychoactive effects of fentanyl class drugs.A single conjugate vaccine was created that elicited high levels of antibodies with cross-reactivity for aw ide panel of fentanyl analogues.M oreover,v accinated mice gained significant protection from lethal fentanyl doses.Lastly,asurface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based technique was established enabling drug-specificity profiling of antibodies derived directly from serum. Our newly developed fentanyl vaccine and analytical methods mayassist in the battle against synthetic opioid abuse. Figure 5. Antiserum opioid binding curves and SPR sensorgrams. a) Diluted mouse serum from week-6 was incubated with serial dilutions of the listed opioids and injected into aBiacore 3000 containing aF ent-BSA-loaded sensor chip. Signal produced by antibody binding to the SPR chip without drug present was used as areference for 100 %b inding. Fentanyls used were racemic and 3-Me was cis.b )Overlaid plots of sensorgrams obtained for the interaction between fentanyl (1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.63, 7.81, 3.9, 1.95, and 0nm)a nd immobilized anti-fentanyl antibodiesa t258 8ConaBiOptix 404pi. Original experimental sensorgrams are shown in black and fitted curves are traced in white.