The intraspecific behaviour of the communal‐territorial spitting spider, Scytodes fusca, from North Queensland, Australia, is described from laboratory observations. This spider is tolerant of most conspecific intruders on the web but adults, particularly females, do display aggression to other adults by charging, chasing and spitting. During courtship, both the male and the female tap on the web. Courtship in S. fusca is similar to that of a non‐social scytodid Scytodes thoracica. Males often stay with the female for a time after mating. Adults appear to be more cannibalistic toward third than toward first and second instar juveniles, This finding is discussed in relation to the mechanisms of intraspecific recognition. The social behaviour of S. fusca is compared with that of other scytodids and the possible evolution of sociality in S. fusca from the parent offspring association is discussed.
Neurophysiological control of swimming behavior, attachment and metamorphosis in black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris) larvae AbstractExperiments were conducted to test the effect of a range of chemicals on larval responses in swimming behavior, attachment, and metamorphosis of the black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris). The effect of antibiotics on larval survival was first tested within negative (filtered seawater) and positive (GABA at 10 -5 , 10 -4 , and 10 -3 mol L -1 ) control assays over 3days. This experiment corroborated the effectiveness of using antibiotics to improve survival of larvae without obvious synergistic interactions with the GABA inducer or confounding effects of potential bacterial interactions. Chemical treatments (acetylcholine, potassium chloride, dopamine, and glutamine) were then tested at various concentrations for their ability to modulate swimming behavior and induce larval attachment and metamorphosis over 14 days. Generally, larval state shifted from swimming to attached, and from attached to metamorphosed in the control and treatments over time. However, the peak percentage of attached and metamorphosed larvae varied in time among chemicals and concentrations.While overall percent metamorphosis was minimally enhanced after 14 days of exposure to some chemical treatments at certain concentrations, all treatments displayed significant capacities to down-regulate larval swimming and induce early attachment and metamorphosis. Mortality was recorded throughout the duration of the experiment, and was generally low (<20%) across controls and most treatments for exposures of less than 12 days.Interpretations of specific results from this study are used to elucidate neurophysiological control of larval activities for this abalone species. Comparisons with other marine 3 invertebrates highlight the specificities of chemical cues and endogenous regulatory mechanisms across relatively closely related taxa.
IntroductionChemoreception is believed to facilitate larval settlement processes and metamorphosis of a great number of marine invertebrate taxa, including polychaetes ( algae where bacterial and diatom biofilms are in abundance. However, the involvement of biofilms in the facilitation of settlement and metamorphosis by crustose coralline algae is questionable for some abalone species (Huggett et al. 2005;Roberts et al. 2007.Furthermore, specific settlement-inducing compounds within these natural surfaces have rarely been identified (but see Morse et al. 1980;Suenaga et al. 2004).Another approach to investigate chemoreception and associated transduction mechanisms has been to test specific pharmacologically active compounds for their ability to induce settlement and metamorphosis. The amino acid and neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) consistently has been shown to induce larval attachment and metamorphosis of several abalone species (Morse 1990;Roberts & Nicholson 1997; Bryan & Qian 1998; Moss 4 1999). While a pure-form of GABA is unlikely to be an environmental cue (Kaspar & M...
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