Metabolomics is a potential tool for the discovery of new biomarkers in the early diagnosis of diseases. An ultra‐fast gas chromatography system equipped to an electronic nose detector (FGC eNose) was used to identify the metabolomic profile of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) urine from Mexican population. A cross‐sectional, comparative, and clinical study with translational approach was performed. We recruited twenty T2D patients and twenty‐one healthy subjects. Urine samples were taken and analyzed by FGC eNose. Eighty‐eight compounds were identified through Kovats's indexes. A natural variation of 30% between the metabolites, expressed by study groups, was observed in Principal Component 1 and 2 with a significant difference (p < 0.001). The model, performed through a Canonical Analysis of Principal coordinated (CAP), allowed a correct classification of 84.6% between healthy and T2D patients, with a 15.4% error. The metabolites 2‐propenal, 2‐propanol, butane‐ 2,3‐dione and 2‐methylpropanal, were increased in patients with T2D, and they were strongly correlated with discrimination between clinically healthy people and T2D patients. This study identified metabolites in urine through FGC eNose that can be used as biomarkers in the identification of T2D patients. However, more studies are needed for its implementation in clinical practice.
Aim
Evaluate the expression of exomiRs‐126, ‐146, and ‐155 in urinary exosomes of patients with T2DM and diabetic kidney disease to establish a predictive classification model with exomiRs and clinical variables in order to determine their contribution to DKD.
Methods
The study group included 92 subjects: 64 patients diagnosed with T2DM subclassified into two groups with albuminuria (T2DM with albuminuria, n = 30) and without albuminuria (TD2M, n = 34) as well as 28 healthy, non‐diabetic participants. Exosomes were isolated from urine and identified by TEM and flow cytometry. Profile expression of exomiRs‐126, ‐146 and ‐155 was evaluated by RT‐qPCR. Data were analysed by permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), similarity percentage (SIMPER), principal coordinate analysis (PCO), and canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP).
Results
T2DM patients with and without albuminuria showed higher levels of miR‐155 and miR‐146 compared with controls. In addition, T2DM patients with albuminuria presented a significant increase in miR‐126 contrasted to controls and patients without albuminuria. PCO analysis explained 34.6% of the total variability of the data (PERMANOVA; p < .0001). Subsequently, SIMPER analysis showed that miR‐146, miR‐155, and miR‐126 together, with some clinical parameters, contributed to 50% of the between‐group significance. Finally, the CAP analysis developed showed a correct classification of 89.01% with the analysed parameters.
Conclusion
A platform using a combination of clinical variables and exomiRs could be used to classify individuals with T2D as risk for developing DKD.
Opuntia megarrhiza is an endemic plant used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of bones fractures in humans and domestic animals. One of the most used technique for the detection and characterization of the structure of phytochemical compounds is the Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. The goals of the present study were to identify and characterize the phytochemical compounds present in wild individuals of O. megarrhiza using this analysis. We used chloroform and methanol extracts from cladodes, and they were analyzed by gas chromatography-electron impact-mass spectrometry. We obtained 53 phytochemical compounds, 19 have been previously identified with some biological activity. Most of these compounds are alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and ketones. We detected some fragmentation patterns that are described for the first time for this species. The variety of metabolites presents in O. megarrhiza justifies the medicinal use of this plant in traditional medicine and highlight it as a source of phytochemical compounds with potential in medicine and biotechnology.
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