This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the association between brain activation during exposure to cocaine-related cues and relapse to drug use in cocaine-dependent (CD) patients. We imaged 17 CD subjects during a 2-week in-patient stay. The subjects then entered a 10-week outpatient placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial where urine toxicologies were assessed three times weekly to calculate the treatment effectiveness score (TES). Worse TES correlated with BOLD activation in the left precentral, superior temporal, and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC), and right middle temporal and lingual cortices (R40.65; Po0.005). The left PCC activation also distinguished eight nonrelapsers (TES above mean and completed treatment) from nine relapsers. Cocaine-free urines were significantly greater in the nonrelapsers (92%) than in the relapsers (66%), who also remained in treatment for an average of only 3.2 weeks. Self-reports of craving during fMRI did not differ between nonrelapsers and relapsers and did not correlate with TES. Relapse to cocaine abuse was associated with increased activation in the sensory association cortex, the motor cortex, and PCC while viewing images of cocaine-related cues. These results suggest that relapse to cocaine abuse is associated with increased brain activation to cocaine cues in sensory, motor, and cognitive-emotional processing areas. This physiological activation was a better predictor of relapse than subjective reports of craving, and may be a useful target for treatment development.

Surn7nary.-While previous work had focused on the manner in which identification wich a sports team influences the reactions of spectators, research had yet to identdy those factors with the greatest amount of influence on identification. This article reports on an exploratory study designed to fill this void by idendying the factors involved in the origination, continuation, and cessarion of sports-team identification. Responses indicated that a wide variety of factors were perceived by fans to be important in their identificarion. Specifically, the success of the team, geographical reasons, the playen, and aHiiative reasons were all quite important in the fans' identification.Although researchers have examined the effects of identification on spectators' behaviors (have neglected to examine the factors that influence identification. While research had documented that factors such as a preference for active pastimes, tendencies to be involved with sport as an athlete as well as a spectator, and higher socioeconomic status are related to sports viewing or attendance (Crossman, 1986;Gantz, 1981;Prisuta, 1979; Schurr, Wittig, Ruble, & Ellen, 1988), work had yet to specify variables playing the greatest roles in identification with a particular team. The current study was designed to fill this void. Given the exploratory nature of this research, no formal hypotheses were generated. Rather, the current work set out to examine the research question of what factors are involved in the identification of a specific sports team. Three aspects of identification were examined, the continuation, origination, and cessation of spectators' identification. METHODUndergraduate psychology student volunteers (44 men, 47 women) participated for extra course credt. The subjects' mean age was 24.3 yr.After reading, signing, and returning an informed consent statement, subjects (tested in groups of 10 to 25) were asked to complete a five-page questionnaire packet. The first page asked students to list their currently fa-'This work was partially sup orted by a Murray State University Co~nmittee on Institutional

No abstract

Long-term memory (LTM) is one of the diverse cognitive functions adversely affected by multiple sclerosis (MS). The LTM deficits have often been attributed to failure of retrieval, whereas encoding processes are presumed intact. However, support for this view comes primarily from studies in which encoding and retrieval operations were not investigated systematically. In the current study, we used an encoding specificity paradigm to examine the robustness of encoding in MS and to specifically evaluate the impact of the disease on contextual memory. We hypothesized that persons with MS would exhibit a selective impairment in retrieving items from LTM when required to generate new cue-target associations at encoding, but not when cues held a strong preexisting relationship to the targets. The findings supported the hypotheses. We conclude that the mnemonic deficits associated with MS affect both encoding and retrieval. Specifically, problems with binding of contextual information at encoding impair effective retrieval of memories. Nonetheless, access to these memories can be gained through preexisting associations organized in the semantic network. (JINS, 2002, 8, 395-409.)