ImportanceSARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with persistent, relapsing, or new symptoms or other health effects occurring after acute infection, termed postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as long COVID. Characterizing PASC requires analysis of prospectively and uniformly collected data from diverse uninfected and infected individuals.ObjectiveTo develop a definition of PASC using self-reported symptoms and describe PASC frequencies across cohorts, vaccination status, and number of infections.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsProspective observational cohort study of adults with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection at 85 enrolling sites (hospitals, health centers, community organizations) located in 33 states plus Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Participants who were enrolled in the RECOVER adult cohort before April 10, 2023, completed a symptom survey 6 months or more after acute symptom onset or test date. Selection included population-based, volunteer, and convenience sampling.ExposureSARS-CoV-2 infection.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPASC and 44 participant-reported symptoms (with severity thresholds).ResultsA total of 9764 participants (89% SARS-CoV-2 infected; 71% female; 16% Hispanic/Latino; 15% non-Hispanic Black; median age, 47 years [IQR, 35-60]) met selection criteria. Adjusted odds ratios were 1.5 or greater (infected vs uninfected participants) for 37 symptoms. Symptoms contributing to PASC score included postexertional malaise, fatigue, brain fog, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, palpitations, changes in sexual desire or capacity, loss of or change in smell or taste, thirst, chronic cough, chest pain, and abnormal movements. Among 2231 participants first infected on or after December 1, 2021, and enrolled within 30 days of infection, 224 (10% [95% CI, 8.8%-11%]) were PASC positive at 6 months.Conclusions and RelevanceA definition of PASC was developed based on symptoms in a prospective cohort study. As a first step to providing a framework for other investigations, iterative refinement that further incorporates other clinical features is needed to support actionable definitions of PASC.

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The responses of 11 fish species to a continuous pH gradient (usually pH 4–10) were observed to obtain information on avoidance–preference behavior. Under uniform pH conditions, all species were found most frequently near the ends of the apparatus, particularly near the inflow. Imposition of a pH gradient altered the distribution for most species, with the region of lowest pH usually being avoided. Estimated low pH avoidance thresholds were 4.1 for yellow perch, 4.5 for white sucker, 4.7 for brook charr, 5.1 for banded killifish, 5.2 for Arctic charr, 5.4 for common shiner and blacknose dace, 5.5 for threespine stickleback, 5.7 for creek chub, and 5.9 for rainbow trout. Preferred pH ranges were usually 5–7 to 7–9. The distribution of rainbow trout in calcium gradients was not significantly different from that in uniform calcium conditions. Avoidance thresholds of the various species were generally similar to pH levels limiting natural distributions as derived from various lake and stream surveys.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe a project undertaken at SUNY Cortland to develop a system that would collect electronic resource usage data in a consistent manner and allow SUNY Cortland to assess this data over several years.Design/methodology/approachThe project used data gathered from EZProxy server log files to examine usage of the library's electronic resources.FindingsThrough examining the usage data the library discovered that users were utilizing particular types of resources, from specific physical locations, and accessing those resources from specific pages in the library's web site.Originality/valueBy examining usage data for electronic resources, libraries can learn more than which resources are being used. Usage data can give libraries insight into where, when, how, and possibly why their users are accessing electronic resources.

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