Background: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the greatest contributors to disability in the world and there is growing interest on the role of biomarkers in LBP. To purpose of this review was to analyze available evidence on the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers, clinical presentation, and outcomes in patients with acute, subacute and chronic non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). Methods: A search was performed in Medline, Embase, Cinahl and Amed databases. Studies which measured levels of inflammatory biomarkers in participants with NSLBP were included. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, full-texts, and extracted data from included studies. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Level of evidence was assessed using the modified GRADE approach for prognostic studies. Results: Seven primary studies were included in this review. All results assessed using the modified GRADE demonstrated low to very low quality evidence given the small number of studies and small sample. Three studies examined C-reactive protein (CRP), one of which found significantly higher CRP levels in an acute NSLBP group than in controls and an association between high pain intensity and elevated CRP. Three studies examined tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), two of which found elevated TNF-α in chronic NSLBP participants compared to controls. Two studies examined interleukin 6 (IL-6), none of which found a significant difference in IL-6 levels between NSLBP groups and controls. Two studies examined interleukin 1 beta (IL-β), none of which found a significant difference in IL-β levels between NSLBP groups and controls. Conclusions: This review found evidence of elevated CRP in individuals with acute NSLBP and elevated TNF-Α in individuals with chronic NSLBP. There are a limited number of high-quality studies evaluating similar patient groups and similar biomarkers, which limits the conclusion of this review.

Many features of 5G are definitely important to the broadcasting service, including diverse content services such as follow-me TV, video-on-demand, but also gaming, Virtual reality (VR) and Augmented reality (AR) and many others. Meanwhile, those services depend more and more on the user's position accuracy, especially in indoor environment. With the increase of broadcasting data traffic indoors, to obtain a highly accurate position is becoming a challenge because of the impact of radio interference. In order to support a high-quality indoor broadcasting service, a high-accuracy positioning, radiation-free, and high-capacity communication system is urgently needed. In this paper, a 5G indoor positioning system is proposed for museums. It utilizes unlicensed visible light of the electromagnetic spectrum to provide museum visitors with high-accuracy positioning, multiple forms of interaction services, and highresolution multimedia delivery on a mobile device. The geographic data and the location-related data integrated into the 5G New Radio (NR) waveform are detailed. A general-purpose system architecture is provided and some basic techniques to enhance system performance are also investigated. A prelimi

In this paper we present a 5G Internet Radio-Light (IoRL) architecture for homes that can be readily deployed because it utilizes unlicensed visible light and millimeter wave part of the spectrum, which does not require Mobile Network Operator (MNO) permission to deploy and which is used to provide inhabitants of houses with accurate location, interaction, access to Internet and Cloud based services such as high resolution video on a Tablet PC. The paper describes the home use cases and the IoRL architecture.

Integrating joint network function virtualization (NFV) and software-defined networks (SDNs) with digital televisions (TVs) into home environments, has the potential to provide smart TV services to users, and improve their quality of experience (QoE). In this regard, this paper focuses on one of the next generation services so-called follow me service (FMS). FMS is a service offered by 5gNB to user equipments (UEs) in indoor environments (e.g., home), it enables its clients to use their smart phones to select media content from content servers, then cast it on the nearest TV set (e.g., living room) and continue watching on the next TV set (e.g., kitchen) while moving around the indoor coverage area. FMS can be provisioned by utilizing UEs geolocation information and robust mechanisms for switching between multiple 5G radio access technologies (RATs), based on the intelligence of the SDN/NFV intelligent home IP gateway of the Internet of Radio Light (IoRL) project paradigm. In view that the actual IoRL system is at its early development stage, we step forward by using Mininet platform to integrate SDN/NFV virtualization into 5G multi-RAT scenario and provide performance monitoring with measurements for the identified service. Simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposal under various use case scenarios by means of minimizing the packet loss rate and improving QoE of the home users. Index Terms-Software defined networks, network function virtualisation, quality of experience, Internet of radio light, intelligent home IP gateway.

The Internet of Radio-Light (IoRL) is a cutting-edge system paradigm to enable seamless 5G service provision in indoor environments, such as homes, hospitals, and museums. The system draws on innovative architectural structure that sits on the synergy between the Radio Access Network (RAN) technologies of millimeter Wave communications (mmWave) and Visible Light Communications (VLC) for improving network throughput, latency, and coverage compared to existing efforts. The aim of this paper is to introduce the IoRL system architecture and present the key technologies and techniques utilised at each layer of the system. Special emphasis is given in detailing the IoRL physical layer (Layer 1) and Medium Access Control layer (MAC, Layer 2) by means of describing their unique design characteristics and interfaces as well as the robust IoRL methods of improving the estimation accuracy of user positioning relying on uplink mmWave and downlink VLC measurements.