Fur-imine-functionalized
graphene oxide-immobilized copper oxide
nanoparticles (Cu(II)-Fur-APTES/GO) are synthesized and found to be
a cost-effective, efficient, and reusable heterogeneous nanocatalyst
for the preparation of pharmaceutically important xanthene derivatives
under greener solvent conditions. Cu(II)-Fur-APTES/GO exhibits excellent
result in the synthesis of xanthenes with reduced reaction time (25−50
min) and higher yields (up to 95%) and has a simple procedure, ease
of product separation, and no byproducts. Moreover, the nanocatalyst
has a Cu loading of 13.5 at. % over functionalized GO which is far
superior than the already known metal-based heterogeneous catalysts.
The newly synthesized catalyst has been characterized by various physiochemical
techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction,
energy-dispersive X-ray, Raman spectroscopy for structural characterization,
field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission
electron microscopy for morphological characterization. The catalyst
showed admirable recyclability up to five consecutive runs, and there
was no appreciable loss in catalytic efficiency.
This study depicts the facile approach for the synthesis of chitosan/graphene oxide bionanocomposite (Chi/ GO) beads via the gelation process. This is the first-ever study in which these Chi/GO beads have been utilized as a drug carrier for the oral drug delivery of metronidazole (MTD) drug, and investigations were made regarding the release pattern of the MTD drug using these Chi/GO beads as a drug carrier for a prolonged period of 84 h. The MTD is loaded on the surface as well as the cavity of the Chi/GO beads to result in MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite beads. The MTD drug loading was found to be 683 mg/g. Furthermore, the in vitro release patterns of pure drug and the drug encapsulated with Chi/GO beads are explored in simulated gastric as well as simulated intestinal fluids with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. As-synthesized bionanocomposite beads have shown excellent stability and capacity for extended release of the MTD drug as compared to the pure drug in terms of bioavailability in both media. The cumulative release data are fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics and f irst-order reaction kinetics at pH 1.2 and 7.4. The synthesized bionanocomposite beads have good potential to minimize the multiple-dose frequency with the sustained drug release property and can reduce the side effects due to the drug.
The present work
demonstrated a novel
Cleome simplicifolia
-mediated green fabrication of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs)
to explore
in vitro
toxicity in Bm-17 and
Labeo rohita
liver cells. As-fabricated bioinspired
NiO NPs were characterized by several analytical techniques. X-ray
diffraction (XRD) revealed a crystalline face-centered-cubic structure.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible
diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Raman spectroscopy, and
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed NiO formation. The
chemical composition was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) revealed the mesoporous nature. Scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation
of 97 nm diameter nanospheres formed due to the congregation of 10
nm size particles. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the nearly
isotropic behavior of NiO NPs. Further, a molecular docking study
was performed to explore their toxicity by binding with genetic molecules,
and it was found that the docking energy was about −9.65284
kcal/mol. On evaluating the
in vitro
toxicity of
NiO NPs for Bm-17 cells, the study showed that when cells were treated
with a high concentration of NPs, cells were affected severely by
toxicity, while at a lower concentration, cells were affected slightly.
Further, on using 50 μg/mL, quick deaths of cells were observed
due to the formation of more vacuoles in the cells. The DNA degradation
study revealed that NiO NPs are significantly responsible for DNA
degradation. For further confirmation, trypan blue assay was observed
for cell viability, and morphological assessment was performed using
inverted tissue culture microscopy. Further, the cytotoxicity of NiO
NPs in
L. rohita
liver cells was studied.
No toxicity was observed at 1 mg/L of NiO NPs; however, when the concentration
was 30 and 90 mg/L, dark and shrank hepatic parenchyma was observed.
Hence, the main cause of cell lysis is the increased vacuolization
in the cells. Thus, the present study suggests that the cytotoxicity
induced by NiO NPs could be used in anticancer drugs.
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