Objective: A broad range of tasks have been used to classify individuals with ADHD with reading comprehension difficulties. However, the inconsistency in the literature warrants a scoping review of current knowledge about the relationship between ADHD diagnosis and reading comprehension ability. Method: A comprehensive search strategy was performed to identify relevant articles on the topic. Thirty-four articles met inclusion criteria for the current review. Results: The evidence as a whole suggests reading comprehension is impaired in ADHD. The most prominent effect was found in studies where participants retell or pick out central ideas in stories. On these tasks, participants with ADHD performed consistently worse than typically developing controls. However, some studies found that performance in ADHD improved when reading comprehension task demands were low. Conclusion: Results suggest that performance in ADHD depends on the way reading comprehension is measured and further guide future work clarifying why there are such discrepant findings across studies.

Background: Disturbances in the expression of thought is a core feature of schizophrenia but assessment of disordered thinking is challenging, relying on clinical intuition which may contribute to the paucity of mechanistic understanding of disorganization seen in early stages of psychosis. We studied the use of linguistic connectives in relation to clinically quantified dimensions of thought disorder using automated speech analysis in untreated, first episode psychosis (FEPs) and healthy controls (HCs)Methods: Data were collected from 39 treatment-naïve, actively psychotic first episode patients (FEPs) recruited on first contact and 23 group matched healthy controls. Three one-minute speech samples were induced in response to photographs from the Thematic Apperception Test and speech was analyzed using COH-METRIX software. Five connectives variables from the Coh-Metrix software were reduced using principle component analysis, resulting in two linguistic connectives factors. Thought disorder was assessed using the Thought Language Index (TLI) and the PANSS-8. Results: linguistic connective factors predicted disorganized thought, but not impoverishment suggesting aberrant use of connectives is specific to positive thought disorder. Factor 2 (increased temporal, reduced logical connectives), showed statistically significant main effects (F[2,56]=5.58, p=0.006) on ANOVA among HCs, low- and high-disorganization FEPs. Post-hoc differences were noted between High- and Low- disorganization FEPs (p=0.004). Factor 2 was not correlated with measures of disease severity or cognition suggesting connective use is a specific index of disorganized thinking rather than overall illness status.Conclusions: Disorganization in psychosis, assessed on the basis of clinical judgement, is likely linked to the excessive or inappropriate use of linguistic connectives leading to an intuitive sense of incoherence to the observer. In the early stages of untreated psychosis, thought disorder may be quantifiable more reliably using automated syntax analysis.

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Sensorimotor gating issues have been commonly reported in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, childhood-onset fluency disorder, and tic disorders. This review aims to explore the current understanding of sensorimotor gaiting in neurodevelopmental disorders as a possible transdiagnostic mechanism. We will apply methods according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis. We will follow the population, concept, and context scoping review eligibility criteria. Our population of interest includes individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, childhood onset fluency disorder, and tic disorders as well as individuals from the general population who display traits associated with the disorders of interest. The concept of interest is sensorimotor gating defined as the automatic process of filtering out redundant or unnecessary sensory stimuli from environment. Finally, the context of this review is limited to human studies. Using a comprehensive search strategy in five relevant research databases (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Scopus), we will search for relevant primary research articles and reviews that have been peer reviewed. Two independent reviewers will screen the titles and abstracts, full texts, and complete data extraction. Descriptive analyses will be used to summarize the characteristics and outcomes of all identified studies.