In this study, paper sludge ash, a waste from pulp and paper industry was used as a filler in fabricating Plaster of Paris/paper sludge ash composites. Various percentage of paper sludge ash was used, namely 1wt.%, 3wt.%, 5wt.% and 7wt.%. The effect of paper sludge ash on the compressive strength of the Plaster of Paris was studied. The mixed powder of paper sludge ash and Plaster of Paris were form into a 6 mm diameter and 12 mm height cylindrical samples. The composites were characterized theirs density where it shows that the density decreased as the amount of paper sludge ash increased. The compressive strength of the composites also decreased from 11.67 MPa without paper sludge ash addition to 0.50 MPa at 7wt.% paper sludge ash. However, the requirement of strength for Plaster of Paris in industry is between 8.96 MPa to 20.68 MPa. From the SEM observation, sample contain higher percentage of paper sludge ash exhibited more porosity. Therefore with the addition of 1wt.% of paper sludge ash into Plaster of Paris can be a promising construction material.
Grape-like tin dioxide (SnO2) structures have been grown onp-type silicon (Si(100)) substrate synthesized by thermal evaporation of tin (Sn) without use of metal catalyst. The experiment were conducted in a three-zone tube furnace at a constant temperature of 1080°C,under 1.6% of oxygen (O2) gas in an atmospheric ambient with a controlled flow rate of 1.0L/min. The prepared SnO2film was characterized by using X-ray diffraction diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX) and photoluminescence (PL) measurement. The grape-like SnO2structures were highly crystalline with particle size (resemble grape fruit) ranging from 120-550 nm and diameter of wire (resemble grape stem) around 120-160 nm.The PL spectrum of the grape-like SnO2structures exhibits a broad visible light emission with a peak centered at around 623 nm, corresponding to 1.99 eV and usual near band edge emission of SnO2is not observed.
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