Methylviologen dications (MV2+) were immobilized between layers of manganese oxide during their electrochemical assembly by an anodic route in a homogeneous aqueous Mn2+ solution. This approach yielded a well-ordered multilayer film on a platinum substrate as a result of dense packing of planar MV2+ molecules to stabilize the layered framework. A grazing angle in-plane X-ray diffraction study revealed that the manganese oxide sheets and the molecular planes of inserted MV2+ ions are oriented parallel to the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry of the product film indicated an electron transfer from the underlying Pt substrate to inserted methylviologen ions through the manganese oxide sheets.
Core-shell SiGe whiskers were grown via a fully self-organized process without artificial control of source materials. Whiskers were several hundred nanometers in diameter at the top and became thicker towards the bottom, and 100μm long. Cross-sectional observations of a whisker clearly showed that the whisker had core-shell structure: both the core and the shell were SiGe and the core was Ge-richer in comparison to the shell. It was also elucidated that the whisker had composition gradient along the axial direction. It was concluded that core and the shell were formed via vapor-liquid-solid and vapor-solid processes, respectively.
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