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In this study, we used minute gas-liquid interfaces around CO 2 microbubbles activated by microwave irradiation as new reaction fields and developed a crystallization technique to produce lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) nanoparticles. At the minute gas-liquid interfaces, nucleation occurs predominantly because of the formation of numerous local supersaturation regions at higher temperatures; hence, fine-sized Li 2 CO 3 particles with a narrow size distribution are crystallized, as the Li 2 CO 3 solubility decreases sharply with an increase in temperature. Microwaves (2.45 GHz) were used to irradiate an aqueous solution containing lithium ions and CO 2 microbubbles in a waveguide-type microwave apparatus. The heating method, rate of temperature increase (r T r T r T ) and average bubble size (d bbl d bbl d bbl ) were considered as the operation parameters and varied; the combined effects of CO 2 microbubble formation and microwave irradiation on the reactive crystallization of Li 2 CO 3 nanoparticles were examined. Consequently, during microwave irradiation of the solution containing CO 2 microbubbles, the crystallization of Li 2 CO 3 nanoparticles was significantly accelerated with an increase in r T r T r T and a decrease in

The anion-water bonds and hydrogen bonds between water molecules in X(-)(H(2)O)(n) (X = F and Cl, n = 3-7) clusters are analyzed by evaluating the charge-transfer (CT) and dispersion terms for every pair of ions and molecules with the perturbation theory based on the locally projected molecular orbitals. In particular, the relative stabilities and the bond strengths in all 11 distinct cubic X(-)(H(2)O)(7) isomers are analyzed by classifying the ligand water (L) with the numbers of the donating (n) and accepting (m) OHs as LD(n)A(m). The number of LD(0)A(2) waters determines the relative stability. It is demonstrated that the strengths of the anion-ligand bonds are strongly influenced by two other hydrogen bonds of the water molecules adjacent to the ligand. When the model theory of Mulliken's charge-transfer interaction is applied to the anion-ligand and water-water hydrogen bonds, the dependence of the bond strengths on the chains of the hydrogen bonds is explained.

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