Participants performed a cognitive task under evaluative, selfawareness, and neutral conditions. Task performance was determined jointly by trail test anxiety and situational factors. Test anxiety led to poorer performance in both evaluative and self-awareness situations, relative to the neutral situation. We examined the cognitive activity variables that might mediate the efteets of test anxiety and situational variables on performance, and identified a significant cognitive mediator of the main effect of test anxiety, but not for the lest Anxiety x Situation interaction effect. Therefore, the current experiment offered some support for Sarason's (1980} cognitive interference theory, as well as integrating test anxiety and self-aw are ness research.
A psychological theory needs both universal and specific components in order to describe and predict human behaviour across cultures. It is argued that the purpose of conducting cross‐cultural studies is not merely to demonstrate cultural variations in human behaviour, but also to build better universal laws so that we can generalize from culture to culture. From this cross‐cultural point of view, the six papers of this special issue are discussed. The distinction between individualism and collectivism, as an example, is evaluated in relation to a specific case—Japanese culture—and a few observations are made, including the suggestion that variances associated with within‐culture sources are often larger than between‐culture variances. Finally, the implications of cross‐cultural studies in a rapidly changing world are discussed.
An incident was staged in front of approximately 140 college students Three months later, 48 of them tried to identify the person of the incident (the target) in a nineperson photospread (Experiment 1) Assisted with a verbal description of the target, 77 less confident students similarly tried to identify him (Experiment 2) Additionally, 69 students from another class tried to choose the target with the verbal description only (Experiment 3 a mock-witness control experiment) Results of Experiment 1 showed that although more than half of the participants correctly identified the target, a similarly high proportion of control participants falsely identified a specific foil as the target. In the three experiments. correct and false identification patterns were similar, and the variables of target presence and distracter similarity independently affected probability estimates for selected photographs to be the target's The implications for actual eyewitness identification are discussed
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