To examine sex- and menstrual cycle-related differences in thermoregulatory responses to heat exposure, ten young women and six young men were heated passively by immersing their legs in water heated to 42 degrees C for 60 min (in ambient conditions of 30 degrees C and 45% relative humidity). The women underwent heat exposure during the mid-follicular (F) and mid-luteal (L) phases of the menstrual cycle, which were confirmed by assaying plasma female reproductive hormones. The rectal and mean body (T(b)) temperatures of women in the L phase were significantly greater than those of women in the F phase and of men during a pre-heating equilibration period (28 degrees C) and during heat exposure. During heat exposure, the local sweat rates (m(sw)) on the forehead, chest, back, and forearm of women in either phase were significantly lower than those of men, but the thigh (m(sw)) was similar to that of men. The m(sw) did not change at any site during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The cutaneous blood flow (%LDF) was significantly greater on the thigh for women in either phase compared with men, but no difference was found at any other site (forehead, chest, back, and forearm). The %LDF on the back was significantly greater for women in the L phase than in the F phase, but those at other sites were similar in both phases. We conclude that, compared with men, heat loss from women depends more on cutaneous vasodilation (especially on the thigh) than on sweating, irrespective of the phase of the menstrual cycle. This phenomenon was due to peripheral mechanisms, as reflected in the greater slope of the relationship between %LDF and T(b) lower slope of the relationship between m(sw)) and frequency of sweat expulsion, and lower sweat output per gland. The menstrual cycle modified the T(b) threshold for vasodilation and sweat onset in women. Therefore, the sex difference in the T(b) threshold was more marked for women during the L phase than during the F phase. Moreover, the menstrual cycle modified the slope of the relationship between %LDF on the back and T(b).

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between suicidal ideation and potentially related factors in an elderly urban Japanese population. This was a community-based, cross-sectional study. Urban community residents aged 70 years or more were interviewed regarding suicidal ideation and sociodemographic and health-related variables. Subjects with depressive symptoms underwent further evaluation by psychiatrists using criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. Associations were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Of the 1145 eligible participants, 52 (4.5%) reported thoughts of suicide. Of 143 subjects with depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale, 14 + ), 22 (15.4%) reported suicidal ideation over a 2-week period. After controlling for depressive symptoms, lack of social support and impaired instrumental activities of daily living were significantly associated with thoughts of suicide. After controlling for the potentially associated factors detected in the univariate analysis, depressive symptoms were strongly associated with thoughts of suicide. In the elderly with depressive symptoms, mental disorders, including depressive and alcoholrelated disorders, were significantly associated with suicidal ideation over a 2-week period. In the urban community setting, screening for lack of social support, impaired instrumental activities of daily living, and depressive symptoms, followed by diagnostic evaluation for mental disorders, particularly for depressive syndromes and alcohol-related disorders, may provide a practical and effective means of identifying elders at high risk of suicide.

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