Knowledge of soil infiltration parameters is of the utmost importance for optimum performance and management of surface irrigation. The advance of the surface flow across a field varies according to the infiltration rate, ultimately determining the soil moisture uniformity and water application efficiency. Calculation of the infiltration parameters from irrigation advance data is now the preferred method. If the process is to be included in a real-time control system it must be done accurately, reliably and rapidly, without user intervention, and with a minimum of field data.With this purpose in mind, six infiltration methods were selected for evaluation: the two-point method, the computer model INFILT, the method of Upadhyaya and Raghuwanshi, the Valiantaz one-point method, the Shepard one-point method and a simple linear infiltration function.Field experimental data from 10 furrow irrigation trials were used to evaluate the methods, these data covering a range of soil types and furrow characteristics. The data sets were analyzed to determine infiltration parameters to evaluate the ability of the selected methods for prediction of advance and cumulative infiltration.The results showed INFILT to be the most accurate and reliable method, performing consistently well for all of the data sets. Generally the two-point and linear estimation methods also performed well, although the two-point method is handicapped by its requirement for prior knowledge of the steady or final infiltration rate méthodes. Ces données couvrent une large gamme de types de sol et de caractéristiques de sillon. Elles ont été analysées pour déterminer les paramètres d'infiltration, et éventuellement les capacités des méthodes choisies à prévoir la progression et cumulation de l'infiltration. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le logiciel INFILT est la méthode la plus précise et la plus fiable, faisant preuve de consistance sur l'ensemble des données. D'une manière générale la fonction linéaire d'infiltration et la méthode à deux points s'exécutent relativement bien, sauf que cette dernière souffre d'un handicap vu qu'elle nécessite la connaissance antérieure du taux d'infiltration stationnaire ou final: f 0 . Cependant, aucune des méthodes n'a prouvé être en mesure de satisfaire les exigences d'une utilisation par un système de commande en temps réel.
A simple real-time control system for furrow irrigation is proposed that: predicts the infiltration characteristic of the soil in real time using data measured during an irrigation event, simulates the irrigation, and determines the optimum time to cut-off for that irrigation.The basis of the system is a new method for estimating the soil infiltration characteristic under furrow irrigation, developed previously by the authors, that uses a model infiltration curve, and a scaling process to predict the infiltration characteristic for each furrow and each irrigation event. Using the new method, infiltration parameters were calculated for two different fields. The SIRMOD simulation model was then used to simulate irrigation performance under different model strategies. These were framed to assess the feasibility of and demonstrate the gains from the real time control strategy. The simulation results showed that the system is feasible. The scaled infiltration gave predictions of the irrigation performance comparable to the measured performance, clearly establishing the suitability of respectively, indicating the scale of benefits that can be achieved in the irrigation sector by implementing simple real-time control.
Pakistan livelihood depends on agriculture and so for this on irrigation system. The irrigation system in Sindh province depends on three barrages. The canals off taking from these three barrages irrigate 5.5 million hectares of agriculture land. Sukkur Barrage, which is the oldest one, irrigates more than 2.0 million hectares of land. The Dadu Canal off taking from Sukkur barrage is an earthen canal. A huge amount of irrigation water is lost from the canal in the form of seepage from banks and bed. It is estimated that 40 to 50 per cent of water is lost between the canal head works to the farm-gate. The seepage from the canal creates twin problems of salinity and water logging consequently a large agriculture land has gone out of use, and this process is continued particularly in Sindh. Lining of Canals is considered an effective solution to this problem. But lining of canals in Sindh is a great issue as canals will need to be closed long enough to deprive the farmers at least one crop season and the farmers are unable to pay this price for canal. Therefore, in this study, the Dadu Canal is proposed to be redesigned as an adjacent lined canal which involves design of cross section for various lining options at locations where changes in the hydraulic conditions occur at cross regulators and fall structures. The proposed lining is preferred to be plain cement concrete lining which is selected after investigating local conditions. Quantity and cost estimation at selected RDs (Reduced Distance) proved feasible and significant in long term functioning of Dadu Canal.
The viability and sustainability of crop production is currently threatened by increasing water scarcity. Water scarcity problems can be addressed through improved water productivity and the options usually presumed in this context are efficient water use and conversion of surface irrigation to pressurised systems. By replacing furrow irrigation with drip or centre pivot systems, the water efficiency can be improved by up to 30% to 45%. However, the installation and application of pumps and pipes, and the associated fuels needed for these alternatives increase energy consumption. A balance between the improvement in water use and the potential increase in energy consumption is required. When surface water is used, pressurised irrigation systems increase energy consumption substantially, by between 65% to 75%, and produce greenhouse gas emissions around 1.75 times higher than that of gravity based irrigation systems so their use should be carefully planned keeping in view adverse impact of carbon emissions on the environment and threat of increasing energy prices. With gravity-fed surface irrigation methods, the energy consumption is assumed to be negligible. This study has shown that a novel real-time infiltration model REIP has enabled implementation of real-time optimisation and gravity fed surface irrigation with real-time optimisation has potential to bring significant improvements in irrigation performance along with substantial water savings of 2.92 ML/ha which is equivalent to that given by pressurised systems. The real-time optimisation and control thus offers a modern, environment friendly and water efficient system with close to zero increase in energy consumption and minimal greenhouse gas emissions.
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