Cell ConceptA high-dielectric constant material have received increasing attention in view of an application to ULSI DRAMs for keeping a simple cell structure. We demonstrate a new technology with a planar-type single stacked structure utilizing a high-dielectric constant film of Bal -,SrXTi03 (BST). The fabricated memory cell ca acitor shows a low leakage current of 2x10-9Ncm under an applied voltage of 3.3V and a large capacitance of 32fF/um2, which means that the BST film is equivalently as thin as 1.3nm of Si02.
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It has been observed that the portable water quality obtained from various locations in Kano Metropolis has shown greater variations in the recent past. Attempts have been made to ascertain the reasons for the variations even though the supplies were from only two treatments plants that obtain their raw water from the same source. A total of 92 water samples comprising of raw (from plants) and treated (from the plants and taps) were collected during rainy and dry seasons between April 2010 and May, 2012 and analyzed using standard analytical techniques. The results of analysis gave the physiochemical properties with range as follows: pH (0.06 ± 6.7 -6.04 ± 0.02) conductivity (7.23 ±0.04 -13.33 ± 0.22 S/Cm), turbidity (5.00 ± 0.01 -449.22 ±1.32 NTU), suspended solids (107.33±3.45 -712.11 ±5.33 mg/dm 3 ), total dissolved solids (18.50 ± 0.85 -186 .78 ± 2.48 mg/dm 3 ), alkalinity (12.53± 0.32 -80.75 ± 1.23 mg/dm 3 ) and hardness (29.50 ± 1.22 -58.67 ± 2.34 mg/dm 3 ). The pH values were generally acidic while the turbidity and total solid especially in some locations were higher than the permissible levels set by the World Health Organization for portable water. The concentration of heavy metals (mg/dm 3) were found in the following ranges Fe (0.
This paper presents a novel approach for circuit-fieldcoupled time-stepping electromagnetic analysis of a saturated interior permanent-magnet(IPM) synchronous motor. To predict the drive performance quickly, the proposed approach consists of a dynamic simulator based on a novel nonlinear model of the d-qflux linkages of the IPM motor. The model can take into account not only the magnetic saturation but also the harmonics of inductance distributions and EMF waveforms. The validity of the model is verified from suitable simulation results of the instantaneous current and torque waveforms of the IPM motor. The proposed analysis has realized a dramatic reduction in the computation time compared to circuit-field-coupled timestepping FEA, keeping analytical accuracy.A 10kW-15,000rpm prototype driven by PWM inverter was used for laboratory testing to verify the analysis. The experimental results showed quite reasonable agreement with the predicted instantaneous current.
PurposeStereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an important management strategy for residual and recurrent Craniopharyngiomas. The current study evaluated the factors which affected tumor control and complications in craniopharyngioma SRS.MethodsThis study includes 53 consecutive patients who underwent single-session SRS for recurrent or residual craniopharyngiomas. The median age was 41 years with 28 male and 25 females. The median tumor volume was 0.63 cm3 and median margin dose was 12 Gy (range, 9-25 Gy).ResultsThe overall 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 97.8%, 92.7% and 88.5%. The overall 3-, 5-, and 10-year tumor control rates were 81.0%, 72.1%, and 53.4%. In univariate analysis, >3 mm distance from optic structures (p=0.002), only solid or cystic tumor type (p=0.037), and >12 Gy to ≥85% of the tumor (p<0.001) were significantly associated with improved tumor control. In multivariate analysis, only solid or cystic tumor type, (p=0.034), and >85% of the tumor receiving >12 Gy (p=0.004) were significantly associated with better tumor control. When >85% of the tumor received >12 Gy the tumor control rates at 3-, 5-, and 10-year were 100%, 93.3%, and 93.3%. Higher conformity index was not associated with better tumor control.ConclusionsThe tumor control rates after recurrent or residual craniopharyngiomas SRS were improved by ensuring that at least 85% of the tumor received >12 Gy even when the distance between the tumor and the optic system is <3 mm. This concept refutes the conformity theory that a high conformity index is a critical feature of effective SRS.
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