An adsorbent’s properties, its adsorption chemistry, and treatment efficiency are all interlinked for water/wastewater treatment. This critical review focuses on superadsorbents possessing ultrahigh adsorption capacities of ≥1000 mg g−1 for an efficient water/wastewater treatment. Using Google Scholar, we reviewed about 63 prominent studies (2017–2022) on superadsorbents to evaluate their preparation, characteristics, adsorption chemistries, and mechanistic interactions in the removal of aqueous inorganic and organic contaminants. The major contribution of this article is to present a series of perspectives on the potential upscaling of these adsorbents in real-scale water/wastewater treatment. The main findings are as follows: (1) the current literature analysis suggests that superadsorbents hold reasonable promise to become useful materials in water treatment, (2) there is still a need to perform extensive pilot-scale adsorption studies using superadsorbents under quasi-real systems representing complex real aqueous systems, and (3) the technoeconomic analysis of their upscaling in industrial-scale water/wastewater treatments still constitutes a major gap which calls for further studies. Moreover, the mass production and effective application of these superadsorbents are the major issues for real-scale water treatments.
In the present investigation, we report a novel nano structured Ba/PbO 2 prepared by electrochemical deposition method has been employed for the effective oxidation of ammonia in aqueous solutions. The electrode deposition was achieved in the boric acid bath solution that yielded a smooth deposition of PbO 2 without poisoning the supporting electrolyte. The surface characterization of the deposited layer was done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and observed that cauliflower like morphology of undoped PbO 2 was completely changed to a sharp edge like flower shape morphology due to the addition of Barium ions. The XRD characterization showed that nano crystallinity of PbO 2 gets altered with the concentration of the Barium (Ba) ion dopant. Cyclic voltammetric investigation indicated that Ba 10-5 /PbO 2 electrode effectively oxidized Ammonia (NH 3 ) in alkaline solution, as confirmed through FT-IR spectral analyses. The prepared Ba containing electrode layer is quite promising for the oxidization of Ammonia for various industrial applications.
Herein, the electrodeposition of BaTiO3 and PbO2 on Ti using the layer-by-layer method under different current densities (CDs) and times, was investigated. The weight difference in the deposited BaTiO3 explains the BaTiO3 weight decrease by one order with the increasing CD from 0.025 A cm -2 to 0.125 A cm -2 and also follows the same trend during the PbO2 deposition. The PbO2 deposition at different CDs demonstrates that the deposited PbO2 weight increases by one order with the increasing CD. Also, cyclic voltammetry results explain the low and moderate deposition CDs and the time suitably shows the PbO2 redox behavior. According to SEM and XRD, a CD of 0.05 A cm -2 affects the formation of crystalline BaTiO3 and PbO2 more than higher or lower CDs. Finally, the BaTiO3 and PbO2 layer-by-layer electrode electrodeposited at a moderate CD showed a better stability than the electrode including only PbO2. The use of BaTiO3 is promising for the stability of the PbO2 electrode preparation. Keywords: BaTiO 3 , PbO 2 , electrodeposition, layer by layer, electrode stability Preiskovana je bila elektrodepozicija BaTiO3 in PbO2 na Ti, z uporabo metode plast na plast, pri razli~nih~asih in gostotah toka (CD). Razlike v te`i BaTiO3 razlo`ijo nara{~anje te`e BaTiO3 za red velikosti zaradi nara{~anja CD, od 0,025 A cm -2 do 0,125 A cm -2 . Podoben trend je bil opa`en tudi pri nana{anju PbO2. Pri nana{anju PbO2, razli~ni CD ka`ejo nara{~anje te`e nanesenega PbO2 za red velikosti z nara{~anjem CD. Tudi cikli~na voltametrija razlo`i majhen in srednji CD in~as ustrezno ka`e redoks vedenje PbO2. SEM in XRD z 0,05 A cm -2 vodita nastanek kristalini~nega BaTiO3 in PbO2 bolj kot vi{ji in ni`ji CD. Kon~no se ka`e bolj{a stabilnost elektrode elektronane{enega BaTiO3 in PbO2 plast na plast pri zmernih CD, kot pa pri PbO2 elektrodi. Uporaba BaTiO3 je obetajo~a za stabilnost priprave PbO2 elektrode. Klju~ne besede: BaTiO3, PbO2, elektro nana{anje, plast na plast, stabilnost elektrode
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