Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) is a devastating soil-borne pathogen which can infect almost all cultivated plants around the globe, expediting huge pecuniary losses. The purpose of current study was to use the aqueous root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (GRAgNPs) and assess their nematicidal potential against M. incognita by in vitro methods, including hatching inhibition and mortality assays. The active uptake of FITC labeled GRAgNPs by the nematode and their effect on the expression of selected genes involved in oxidative stress and DNA damage repair were also studied. An HRTEM micrograph confirmed their spherical morphology with sizes ranging from 9.61 nm to 34.735 nm. Complete inhibition of egg-hatching was observed after 48 h of treatment with as low as 10.0 ppm of GRAgNPs. In addition, 100% mortality was recorded at the lowest dose of 6.0 ppm, after 12 h of treatment. The LC-50 for GRAgNPs was found to be 0.805 ± 0.177 ppm at p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.9930, and α = 0.05. The expression of targeted genes (skn-1, mev-1, sod-3, dhs-23, cyp-450, xpa, cpr-1, gst-n, and ugt) was significantly enhanced (1.09–2.79 folds), at 1.0 ppm (α = 0.05, 95% CI) GRAgNPs treatment. In conclusion, GRAgNPs performed efficaciously and considerably in contrast to chemical nematicide and commercial silver nanoparticles (CAgNPs) and might be used as a promising alternative as relatively lower concentration and short exposure time were enough to cause higher mortality and nanotoxicity in nematodes.
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn (Fabaceae), commonly known as Licorice/Liquorice, Mulahatti; is an undershrub. The dried, peeled or unpeeled underground stems and roots are used for the treatment of upper respiratory tract ailments, immunodeficiency, endocrine disorders, skin, liver, joint and heart diseases. Medicinal properties of this plant are enormous and offer it as one of the greatest candidates in the field of Nanomedicine. The Nanomedicine has dedicated to safeguard and upgrade human health using the nanotechnology. Bioactive constituents of this plant perform versatile pharmacological actions and can be used as good Bioanalytical tools. Therefore, an updated overview on current knowledge of green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs), nanoformulations and surface modification using G. glabra is provided here in order to explore its therapeutic potential especially antifungal and antibacterial activities. In our lab, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using leaves and rhizome parts of G. glabra.
Medicinal plants have been an integral and essential part of human life since ancient times. These have shaped the cultures around the globe. From underlings to elderly persons, everyone has come across to use herbal medicine for minor infection to deadly diseases. A wholesome approach is needed to maximize the knowledge about traditional resources. Thus, combining it with the new advents of technology is miraculous. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the prevalent infections in the world. Increasing multi-drug resistance among uropathogens is quite problematic. The burning field of nanotechnology offers an enormous help in revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The nanoparticles and nanocarriers can increase the bioavailability and efficacy of phytoconstituents targeted against the uropathogens. The present review focuses on herbal medicine and nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanocarriers, nanoantibiotics as potent anti-bacterial agents against urinary tract infections.
Bio-fabrication of green or plant extract-based silver nanoparticles has garnered much praise over the past decade as the methodology is environment-friendly, undemanding, non-pathogenic, and economical. In the current study, leaves of Eurale ferox (Makhana), considered as waste, were used for the bio-fabrication of silver nanoparticles (ELAgNPs). Various analytical techniques including UV–VIS spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FESEM-EDX), Particle size analyzer (PSA), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used for their characterization. Their antibacterial efficacy was examined against gram positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis and gram negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. The antioxidant potential of the ELAgNPs was compassed by 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH; λmax = 517 nm) assay, H2O2 (λmax = 230 nm) and OH− (λmax = 520 nm)-based radical scavenging assays. The cytotoxicity was checked against the VERO cell line using 3-[4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl]-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. A mean particle size of 26.51 ± 8.87 nm with a size distribution of 7.08–53.94 nm was obtained using HRTEM. The ELAgNPs exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial efficacy with a maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 21.98 ± 0.59 mm against B. subtilis and of 16.46 ± 0.22 mm against E. coli at 500 ppm after 24 h of incubation. The median lethal concentration for the cytotoxicity analysis was found to be 9.54 ± 0.35 ppm, 120.9 ± 6.31 ppm, and 20.74 ± 0.63 ppm for ELAgNPs, commercial silver nanoparticles (CAgNPs), and silver nitrate (SN), respectively. The ordinary one-way ANOVA results exhibited a significant decrease in cell viability after 72 h of incubation at p < 0.05, α = 0.05. In conclusion, the ELAgNPs showed good antibacterial, radical scavenging and dose-dependent cytotoxicity against the VERO cells. Therefore, these could be used for biomedical applications. Phyto-constituents present in the plant not only act as reducing agents but also as stabilizing and coating agents, and the availability of a wide range of metabolites makes the green approach more promising.
In the present study, a novel shrikhand enriched with vitamin C and iron was developed using curry leaves extract. Encapsulation, which is the latest trend in delivering the phytochemicals through food products has increased the acceptability of the product. The treatment S 3 which had the curry leaves extract of highest concentration 3:10 W/V had a good score on sensory evaluation due to the wall material-sodium alginate which acted as a barrier between the product and the extract without influencing the acceptability of shrikhand with its strong off-flavor. The nutrient composition of iron-fortified shrikhand for energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, moisture and ash was 199.65 Kcal, 23.67 g, 9.62 g, 4.55 g, 61.26 g and 0.85 g per 100 g of the product, respective vitamin C and iron content of product was of 18.86 mg/100g and 2.26 mg/100g.
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