During Hepatitis B virus infection, the pathogen sensors Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a role in innate immunity system. The study aimed to investigate mRNA expression levels of TLR2 and TLR3 in Hepatitis B virus (HBV) mediated chronic hepatitis B (CHB), cirrhosis (CIRR), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to correlate viral load with severity of these diseases and expression of TLRs. A total of 180 HBV DNA positive samples were selected for the study. HVB-DNA was detected by multiplex PCR. Viral load estimation was done by using the Ampisure HBV Quantitative kit as per manufacture instructions. Expression levels of TLR2 and TLR3 were determined by real time PCR. The viral load was estimated to be 6.64log IU/ml in CHB, 4.88log IU/ml in CIRR, and 4.86log IU/ml in HCC. No significant association of viral load was found with increasing age. Upregulation of TLR2 expression in CHB when individually compared with CIRR and HCC was found to be statistically significant. Downregulation of TLR3 expressions in CIRR when compared to both CHB and HCC individually were found to be statistically significant. No significant effect of viral load on the expression of TLR2 and 3 were found. With severity of the disease from CHB to HCC, the HBV load decreases. The study suggests the possibility of HBV interacting with signalling of both analysed TLR receptors which partially explains the induction of immune tolerance pathways by Hepatitis B virus. J. Med. Virol. 89:1008-1014, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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BackgroundInterleukin-8 (IL8), Interleukin-12 (IL12) and Interleukin-13 (IL13) are cytokines that play regulatory role in cancer pathogenesis. We analysed their expression profile to evaluate as molecular biomarkers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and their association with different parameters.MethodsExpression analysis of IL8, IL12 and IL13 were performed by Real time qPCR in blood and tumor tissue of 120 ESCC patients. The expression profiles were associated with different clinicopathological and dietary factors. Survival and hazard analysis were also performed.ResultsWhen compared to normal controls, IL8 expression showed upregulation in 83% tissue samples (p=0.000) and 62% blood samples (p=0.388), IL12 expression showed upregulation in 62% tissue samples (p=0.435) and 57% blood samples (p=0.222) and IL13 expression showed upregulation in 83% tissue samples (p=0.001) and 68% blood samples (p=0.312). Significant positive correlation (p<0.05) was observed between tissue and blood level expression of IL8, IL12 and IL13. Different clinicopathological factors and dietary habits showed significant association (p<0.05) with IL8, IL12 and IL13 expression.. Statistically significant positive correlation were observed for IL8 and IL13 expression in tissue as well as IL13 and IL12 expression in both tissue and blood. Also significant negative correlation of IL8 and IL12 expression in blood and tissue were also observed. Tumor stage, node stage, metastasis, consumption of betel nut, tobacco, alcohol, hot food, smoked food, spices, IL8 expression in blood, IL13 expression in tissue and IL12 expression in blood and tissue showed significant association (p<0.05) with survival of ESCC patients.ConclusionsAltered expression of IL8, IL12 and IL13 may be associated with ESCC progression. Overexpression of IL8 and IL13 in tissue samples may be potential biomarkers for ECSS screening. Additionally, results from both survival and hazard analysis data indicate the effects of various parameters on the survival and mortality rate of ESCC patients.

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