The construction of typical driving condition of vehicles in line with the actual road traffic conditions in China requires the selection of the same vehicle for two months to collect driving data and the obtention of 496000 driving condition data of light vehicles. The sample data are preprocessed by using multivariate statistical theory and MATLAB. After the elimination of abnormal data, the effective data are extracted before being divided into 3020 kinematic segments. Then, it takes a principal component analysis to reduce the dimension of the characteristic parameter matrix. Through K-means++ clustering algorithm, the six principal components obtained by principal component analysis are clustered into two categories. Then the typical kinematic segments are selected from various fragment libraries by using correlation coefficient method, so as to construct a typical driving condition of the vehicles in a certain city. With the application of PCA-K-means and PCA-K-means++ clustering algorithm, a driving condition curve with a duration of 1200s is constructed before its effectiveness and accuracy being compared and analyzed. The results show that the error rate of driving condition between sample data and driving condition constructed by PCA-K-mean++ clustering algorithm is less than 6 % and the error rate of average speed and acceleration standard deviation is less than 1 %. The correlation degree between working condition curve constructed by PCA-K-means ++ clustering algorithm and sample data is increased by 4.08 %. The proportion of deceleration time and idle time in vehicle driving state is obviously different, which indicates that PCA-K-means++ is a better way to solve the problem and the clustering algorithm can effectively construct the driving condition curve of light vehicles suitable for local cities.
Aluminum dross (AD) is a solid waste and the main byproduct that is formed in the process of smelting, consumption, and utilization of aluminum. The volume of the solid waste from aluminum industries is large, and most of these wastes are in the form of waste residues that are meant for accumulation or landfill treatment. [1][2][3] The treatment and reuse of AD is the last link in the production chain in the aluminum industry, and it poses a global challenge. AD can be classified into primary aluminum dross (PAD) and secondary aluminum dross (SAD). The composition of AD is complex; it contains metal aluminum, alumina, carbide, nitride, salt, and other metal oxides. [4] However, SAD has a low metal content of %5-10 wt%, whereas PAD contains a high metal fraction of %80 wt%. [5,6] SAD is an industrial waste with comprehensive utilization value that has been utilized for various purposes including preparing aluminum oxide, producing aluminum sulfate, and synthesizing brown corundum. [1,7] Although some progress has been made in the comprehensive utilization of SAD, the overall resource utilization level of this industrial solid waste still has to be improved.Generally, the utilization of industrial solid waste such as SAD is still at a low level; therefore, it becomes imperative to speed up the research and development of high value-added resource technology to further improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of this industrial solid waste. [5] To achieve high-value recycling of solid wastes such as SAD, it can be used as a raw material for the production of Sialon ceramics, which will reduce the production cost and the impact of industrial wastes on the environment. Sialon materials are new types of ceramic materials, which are composed of Si, Al, O, and N. These materials are considered as one of the most promising high-temperature structural ceramics because of their excellent mechanical and thermal properties as well as their chemical stability. [8][9][10] However, Sialon materials are highly pure materials, and they are expensive; therefore, it is not economically sustainable to use these materials as highperformance ceramic materials for large-scale industrial production. [11] Presently, most of the raw materials used for the preparation of Sialon are industrially purified materials that are expensive. At the same time, Sialon phase composition is relatively complex, and the microstructure changes in a wide range. Therefore, the synthesis of Sialon is mostly controlled at the initial stage, which limits the progress of Sialon-related research, especially the industrialization of low-cost synthesis of Sialon materials. Lee [12] first prepared Sialon materials with clay minerals by carbothermal reduction desalination method, and their method unlocked a new technical way for the production of cheap Sialon materials. Further studies on the preparation of Sialon materials using industrial solid wastes, such as clay, zeolite, slag, fly dross, and AD, were conducted. The utilization of SAD as the raw material...
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