While
zirconium-based coatings are known to improve the cycling
stability of a number of lithium ion battery cathodes, the microstructural
origin of this enhancement remains uncertain. Here we combine advanced
transmission electron microscopy (high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy, high-angle annular dark field, electron energy loss spectroscopy,
and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) with electrochemical impedance
analysis to provide new insight into the dramatic role of Zr surface
modification on the electrochemical performance of Li- and Mn-rich
(LMR) cathodes (Li[Li0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54]O2). It is demonstrated that a Zr-based
rock-salt structure layer with a thickness of 1–2 nm is formed
on the surface of the LMR. This layer is effective in suppressing
the deleterious phase transformation of LMR from initial layered composite
combining Li2MO3 and LiMO2 to the
disordered rock-salt phase, leading to an enhanced long-term cycling
performance and rate capability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
analysis demonstrates that the Zr coating does not affect the cathode
electrolyte interface (CEI), with the surface film impedance (R
sf) being virtually identical in both cases
after 100 cycles, at 45.1 versus 45.6 Ω. Conversely, the Zr
coating tremendously stabilizes the cathode interfacial structure.
The charge-transfer impedance (R
ct) in
the baseline unmodified LMR increases from 34.2 Ω at cycle 3
to 729.2 Ω at cycle 100. For the Zr-modified specimen, R
ct increases dramatically less, from 19.7 to
76.9 Ω. The key finding of this study is then that Zr is actively
incorporated into the structure of the cathode but does not affect
CEI stability. This fundamental result should guide future surface
modification strategies for a range of cathode materials.
In this work, a LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/CNT/Graphene (NCM/CNT/GN) hybrid material with 3D conductive network and excellent rate capability has been successfully prepared by a facile wet chemical method.
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