Application of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches in eco-environmental modeling has gradually increased for the last decade. Comprehensive understanding and evaluation on the applicability of this approach to eco-environmental modeling are needed. In this study, we reviewed the previous studies that used AI-techniques in eco-environmental modeling. Decision Tree (DT) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were found to be major AI algorithms preferred by researchers in ecological and environmental modeling areas. When the effect of the size of training data on model prediction accuracy was explored using the data from the previous studies, the prediction accuracy and the size of training data showed nonlinear correlation, which was best-described by hyperbolic saturation function among the tested nonlinear functions including power and logarithmic functions. The hyperbolic saturation equations were proposed to be used as a guideline for optimizing the size of training data set, which is critically important in designing the field experiments required for training AI-based eco-environmental modeling.
Geosynthetic liner systems are generally installed in landfill sites to prevent toxic leachate from escaping into the adjoining environment by utilizing their impervious characteristics. Therefore, it is important to protect the geomembrane from being damaged or destroyed during all phases of landfilling, namely landfill construction, waste tipping and landfill closure. This paper presents firstly the observed performance of a geomembrane liner from a landfill site where the geomembrane liner was installed on the slopes of a Korean landfill; and secondly the results of an inclined board laboratory test. Two types of experiments were conducted to identify the protecting effect of the overlaying geosynthetic on the geomembrane liners. At a testing landfill site, the slope consisted of three different sub-inclines and two 2-m-wide intermediate levels. The sub-inclines were each 8 m in vertical height and their angle of inclination was 1: 1.5 (vertical: horizontal). The reported observations were made for a time period of approximately 1 year, until the landfill was filled with wastes to the top of the uppermost slope. In addition, inclined board laboratory tests were carried out. During the inclined board test, a base table is inclined slowly and steadily until the block located on the base table starts to slide, when the tension and displacements of two geosynthetics, namely the geomembrane liner and protecting geotextile, are measured. In conclusion, test results showed that the down-drag force generated by waste accumulation and sliding of upper material was to a large extent dissipated through the elongation of the protecting geosynthetic overlying the geomembrane and thus was not transferred to the geomembrane. Unless the protecting geosynthetic undergoes structural failure, this stress relaxation phenomenon continues to occur so that the magnitude of tensile force to be applied on the geomembrane remains marginal.
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to ABSTRACTSpectral Imagery provides multi-dimensional data, which are difficult to display in standard three-color image formats. Tyo, et al. (2001) propose an invariant display strategy to address this problem. This approach is to mimic the dynamics of human perception. The dimensionality of the data are reduced by using a Principal Component (PC) transformation, and then displayed by making used of a Hue, Saturation, and Value (HSV) display transform.This study addresses the PC transformation strategy , looks for a global eigenvector via 3D visualization of HSV color space information, and examines the suggested algorithm to provide the most intuitive display. The user interface created in this thesis is capable of computing the necessary implementation of the proposed strategy, viewing selected Region of Interest (ROI) in HSV color space model in 3D, and viewing the 2D resultant image. A demonstration application uses Java language including Java2D, Xj3D Player, Document Object Model (DOM) Application Program Interfaces (API), and Extensible 3D Language (X3D). The Java2D API enables the user to load imagery, process data, and render results in a two-dimensional (2D) view. Xj3D and DOM APIs are introduced to visualize Tyo's invariant display strategy in three-dimensional (3D) views and then to save results as X3D scenes. These techniques appear to be inherently valuable and can serve as the basis for further research.Through this thesis, 3D visualization of the proposed algorithm successfully showed PC transformed data does form a conical shape in HSV color space. Also, a comparison of PC transformed data with HSV color space revealed the hue angle needed to be adjusted. The application of this adjustment to multiple scenes produced consistent results. However, this hue adjustment left other scene elements in non-ergonomic colors and brought up the issue of further enhancement of the algorithm. SUBJECT TERMS
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