The fallopian tube epithelium is the site of origin for a majority of high grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOC). The chemical communication between the fallopian tube and the ovary in the development of HGSOC from the fallopian tube is of interest since the fimbriated ends in proximity of the ovary harbor serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STICs). Epidemiological data indicates that androgens play a role in ovarian carcinogenesis; however, the oncogenic impact of androgen exposure on the fallopian tube, or tubal neoplastic precursor lesions, has yet to be explored. In this report, imaging mass spectrometry identified that testosterone is produced by the ovary when exposed to tumorigenic fallopian tube derived PTEN deficient cells. Androgen exposure increased cellular viability, proliferation, and invasion of murine cell models of healthy fallopian tube epithelium and PAX2 deficient models of the preneoplastic secretory cell outgrowths (SCOUTs). Proliferation and invasion induced by androgen was reversed by co-treatment with androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, bicalutamide. Furthermore, ablation of phosphorylated ERK reversed proliferation, but not invasion. Investigation of two hyperandrogenic rodent models of polycystic ovarian syndrome revealed that peripheral administration of androgens does not induce fallopian proliferation in vivo. These data suggest that tumorigenic lesions in the fallopian tube may induce an androgenic microenvironment proximal to the ovary, which may in turn promote proliferation of the fallopian tube epithelium and preneoplastic lesions.

AAP medication is a cornerstone in the treatment of serious psychiatric disease. The AAPs are known to exhibit antimicrobial activity; therefore, a potential unintended risk of long-term AAP use may be the emergence of AMR, although such risk has received little attention.

Atypical antipsychotic (AAP) medication is a critical tool for treating symptoms of psychiatric disorders. While AAPs primarily target dopamine (D2) and serotonin (5HT2A and 5HT1A) receptors, they also exhibit intrinsic antimicrobial activity as an off-target effect. Because AAPs are often prescribed to patients for many years, a potential risk associated with long-term AAP use is the unintended emergence of bacteria with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Here, we show that exposure to the AAP quetiapine at estimated gut concentrations promotes AMR in Escherichia coli after six weeks. Quetiapine-exposed isolates exhibited an increase in minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for ampicillin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and levofloxacin. By whole genome sequencing analysis, we identified mutations in genes that confer AMR, including the repressor for the multiple antibiotic resistance mar operon (marR), and real-time RT-qPCR analysis showed increased levels of marA, acrA, and tolC mRNAs and a reduced level of ompF mRNA in the isolates carrying marR mutations. To determine the contribution of each marR mutation to AMR, we constructed isogenic strains carrying individual mutant marR alleles in the parent background and re-evaluated their resistant phenotypes using MIC and RT-qPCR assays. While marR mutations induced a robust activity of the mar operon, they resulted in only a modest increase in MICs. Interestingly, although these marR mutations did not fully recapitulate the AMR phenotype of the quetiapine-exposed isolates, we show that marR mutations promote growth fitness in the presence of quetiapine. Our findings revealed an important link between the use of AAPs and AMR development in E. coli.