Introduction: Typhoid fever is an acute infection of the blood and intestinal system caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. In India S. typhi and S.paratyphi are the common agents of enteric fever. Complications of these lesions are hemorrhage and intestinal perforation. Carrier state is common and bacilli are found in blood, feces and urine. As there is massive multiplication of bacilli in blood stream, this paper aims to study the frequency and severity of hematological changes in patients of typhoid fever with special reference to thrombocytopenia. Methodology: This study was a hospital based descriptive study conducted on OPD and IPD patients of LLR Hospital Kanpur who presented to Emergency Pathology Lab, GSVM Medical College Kanpur. The study design was cross sectional. Study was designed to include demographics, clinical information and hematological changes observed in each patient of typhoid fever using widal test or positive culture. The data was analyzed to study the changes in hematological parameters in these patients. Result: The study revealed the sex ratio to be almost unity and maximum cases were seen in 11-20 year age group. Thrombocytopenia was observed in a significant 39.7% and leucopenia in 11.6% of cases. Mean PCV was reduced to 29.6% and mean neutropil percentage was reduced to28% and mean lymphocyte percentage of was 59% showed relative lymphocytosis. Conclusion: Typhoid fever causes significant hematological changes which could be helpful in diagnosis. Thrombocytopenia is common in typhoid but this association is not well recognized. Awareness of this associate on could be useful in diagnosis of typoid fever more so in under resourced endemic regions in developing countries
SummaryNon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) can have extra-nodal presentation in approximately 25% of cases unlike Hodgkin's lymphoma which rarely involves extra-nodal sites. Extra-nodal lymphoma in the head and neck region is extremely rare. We report a case of 6-year-old girl who presented with medial canthus mass with proptosis, lagophthalmos and no significant loss of vision. CT findings showed an extra-conal homogenous mass lesion in the left orbit along superior and medial orbital wall with extensive destruction of surrounding tissue. Histological sections showed polymorphous population of atypical lymphoid cells accompanied by plasma cells, eosinophils and proliferation of small blood vessels with plump endothelial cells. A diagnosis of NHL was rendered. Further, immunohistochemistry confirmed the lesion as peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The lesion was aggressive in course and the patient succumbed within one-and-half months of diagnosis. BACKGROUND
Introduction: Cervical cancers are the second most frequent type of cancer in females. It develops from premalignant to invasive stages in a multistep process of carcinogenesis. The differentiation between cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III (CIN III) and early squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix could be difficult to diagnose in certain situations unless we see the invasion. The objective of the study was to determine the expression of p53 & Ki67 in CIN and cervical cancers and its correlation with grading and differentiation of cervical cancers with special emphasis on whether the use of Ki67 & p53 markers could help in differentiating CIN III from early SCC. Material and Methods: A prospective study on 90 cases of cervical biopsies, including-cases of : chronic cervicitis (40), CIN III (19) and invasive carcinoma (31). All cases were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using Ki67 & p53 monoclonal antibodies. Results: Both Ki67 & p53 showed higher expression in CIN III and invasive cervical carcinoma than chronic cervicitis with statistically significant difference p<0.01 and p<0.001 respectively. High significant difference of p53 & Ki67 expression was found between patients with CIN III and invasive cervical carcinomas. There was a clear trend for increasing number of cases with positive Ki67 & p53 index with increasing grades of cervical cancer. Conclusion: Ki67 & p53 showed increased expression from CIN III to SCC and it may be helpful adjunct in differentiating these two lesions. These markers could be used as biomarkers in the evaluation of the proliferative activity and progressive potential of dysplastic and neoplastic changes.
BACKGROUND: Cavernous haemangiomas are rare benign bone tumours and those at the level of cranial bones are even rarer. The vertebral column is most often affected, followed by the skull. Calvarial cavernous haemangioma is rare, comprising about 0.2% of all benign neoplasms of the skull. CASE REPORT: We describe here, 2 patients with calvarial cavernous haemangioma that were localized frontally and parietally. The patients were of 45 years and 50 years of age, came with the history of dizziness and headache along with slow growing mass on frontal and parietal region respectively. The mass was soft to firm in consistency with freely mobile skin above the cavernoma sites. A computed tomography scan showed an osteolytic lesion with erosion of tabula externa. Total resection of the lesions and cranioplasty were performed in both the patients.Histopathology of the surgical sample revealed primary osseous cavernous type haemangioma showing large, thin walled, dilated capillary spaces lined by flattened endothelial cells without evidence of malignancy. CONCLUSION: Skull cavernous haemangioma are rare benign tumours. It should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of malignant skull lesions. Histopathological confirmation after surgical resection of tumour is the definitive method of diagnosis.
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