Fig. 1 is a principal carotenoid contained in ripe tomato Lycopersicum esculentum . AE-L has been claimed to possess cardioprotective effects 1 due to its antioxidant activity 2 , as well as anti-diabetic effects 3, 4 due to its antioxidant 2 and PPARγ agonistic activities 5 . Some Z-isomers of AE-L have also been reported to be present in foods in previous studies; for example, mono-5Z -, -9Z -, and -13Z -lycopenes 5Z-L, 9Z-L, and 13Z-L, Fig. 1 have been reported to be produced during the cooking of ripe tomatoes, and are claimed to be present in tomato puree, ketchup, and soup at levels of 10-30 6, 7 . Tetra-Z-7Z, 9Z, 7 Z, 9 Z -lycopene prolycopene, Fig. 1 has also been reported to exist in tangerine-strain tomatoes due to the lack of carotenoid isomerase CRTISO 8 , which converts prolycopene into AE-L 6 . Unlike AE-L, few of these Z-lycopenes have been reported to show biological activities, with the exception of the radical-quenching activities of 5Z-L, 9Z-L, and 13Z-L 9 and the PPARγ agonistic activity of 5Z-L 5 . This is due to the difficulty of preparing enough of the pure compounds for bioactivity tests.Studies on the bioavailabilities and pharmacological activities of Z-isomers of β-carotene were carried out in the
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