This paper examines whether child labour affects the acquisition of a child's human capital. For this purpose, a behavioural model in which child labour is itself a choice and simultaneous equation models with limited dependent variables are employed to examine the determinants of human capital formation and its relationship with child labour. No trade-off relationship could be found between child labour and child schooling attainment. However, it was found that child labour is not detrimental to a child's health and nutritional status; rather, it improves these if children work within a critical threshold level.
Formal financial institutions for poverty alleviation may have negative impacts on the viability of existing informal financial institutions. Conversely, the existence of informal institutions may mitigate the effect of formal institutions on poverty alleviation. This paper aims to test these hypotheses for financial institutions in rural Cambodia. We examine the dynamic changes in borrowing from formal and informal institutions using a panel data of households.We also investigate whether borrowing from micro-finance institutions has a significant effect on borrowing and receiving gifts of money from rela-
1.IntroductionFrom the viewpoint of modern contract theory, a large number of papers postulate alternative hypotheses to explain the reason why a particular contract form for land tenancy is chosen. Among these, the following researches propose the key hypotheses related to our observation in the study area. . If the short-run gain from cheating is smaller than the long-run gain from contract fulfillment, the tenant does not have an incentive to cheat.In such a situation, the share tenancy contract can be the optimal contract.Dubois [7] and de Janvey and Sadoulet [6] extend the theory to take into consideration the tenant's moral hazard with regard to work effort, input, and reporting output. Their models predict that if the landlord can monitor such a moral hazard of the tenant easily, the share tenancy contract is preferred by the landlord and the tenant. de Janvey and Sadoulet [6] suggest that if the landlord can reduce the tenant's moral hazard and the loss from it through a personal relationship, the optimal sharing rate of the tenant can be increased.Therefore, if we modify the gift exchange model, taking into account the possibility that mutual trust and feelings of reciprocity created through a personal relationship between the landlord and tenant, which
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