Design and development of sustainable metal-free heterogeneous catalysts for organic transformation reactions is a challenging task. In this work, an amine-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride (NH 2 −GCN) was prepared and used as a heterogeneous solid base catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The amine functionalization led to increased basicity due to the presence of additional −NH 2 groups. The catalytic potential of NH 2 −GCN was tested for Knoevenagel condensation, which showed good catalytic activity. The detailed optimizations of various reaction conditions, such as time, temperature, solvent, and catalyst amount, were performed. The catalyst showed the highest yield of 92% with excellent selectivity, wherein only a single product was formed. Furthermore, the wide applicability was investigated by studying the substrate scope, and a high turnover number was obtained with almost all the substrates. In addition, green metrics parameters were also determined, and the stability and recyclability of the catalyst were also studied. Overall, the work provides a green, sustainable, and metal-free approach for Knoevenagel condensation reaction.
One of the important industrial processes commonly employed in the pharmaceutical, explosive, and plastic manufacturing industries is ipso-hydroxylation of arylboronic acids. In this work, a straightforward, metal-free methodology for the synthesis of phenols from arylboronic acids has been demonstrated using hydroxyl functionalized boron nitride (BN−OH) nanosheets. The functionalized hydroxyl groups on the BN nanosheets act as the active sites for the hydroxylation reaction to take place. The detailed optimization of reaction parameters was done in order to attain high catalytic efficiency, and the reactions were conducted in water, which eliminates the use of toxic solvents. The as-synthesized catalysts exhibited excellent recyclability and reusability in addition to high product yields and good turnover numbers. The green metrics parameters were also evaluated for the model reaction to examine the sustainable nature of the developed protocol. The use of BN−OH catalysts for the ipso-hydroxylation reactions under base-free and metal-free conditions using environmentally benign solvents is utmost desired for industrial processes and can pave a way toward sustainable organic catalysis.
The design and development of novel, metal-free heterogeneous catalyst for organic transformation reactions is a challenging task. Amine functionalized graphitic carbon nitride (NH2-GCN) was prepared and used as a heterogeneous base catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The amine functionalization leads to increased basicity due to the presence of additional -NH2 groups. The catalytic potential of NH2-GCN was tested for Knoevenagel condensation, which showed a good catalytic activity. The detailed optimizations of various reaction conditions such as, time, temperature, and catalyst amount were performed. All the reactions were performed under optimal conditions, as determined. Catalyst showed highest yield of 92% and only single product is formed. It also exhibits high turnover number. In addition to that, green metrics calculations were determined. To check the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst, recyclability studies were also performed. This catalyst provides a green, sustainable, and metal-free approach for Knoevenagel condensation reaction.
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