According to Indian Institute of Pulses Research Vision document, India’s population is expected to touch 1.68 billion by 2030 and the pulse requirement for the year 2030 is projected at 32 million tonnes with anticipated required annual growth rate of 4.2%. Pigeon pea is an important legume crop cultivated across several countries throughout the tropics and subtropics. They are cultivated in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Caribbean, East and West Africa. Commonly known as ‘Arhar’ in Northern India, this protein rich pulse crop has growing demand in Asia. Among the pulses pigeon pea is the second most important kharif grain legume after chickpea in India and grown predominantly under rainfed conditions. The kernels are nutritionally rich containing 20-22% protein. Its cultivation would be able to provide 40-60 kg N/ha to the subsequently grown crop. The leaves and immature stems can be used as a green manure. Fallen leaves can also be used as mulch and thus help to enhance the water holding capacity of soil. Its beneficial effect as an intercrop has also been reported. Sometimes ground dry peas are mixed with wheat flour just to improve the flour quality and its protein content. Additionally, pigeon pea shares a vital part in India’s pulse import and export. Keeping all these in view the present review depicts the various aspects of pigeon pea cultivation and its status in Indian trade on pulse.
Automatic modulation recognition of communication signals is an influential theme of wireless communication. To recognize digital modulation techniques in presence of AWGN for different values of SNR is the focusing element of the paper. Various features can be learn and understand in simulation. Mapping techniques for OFDM are simulated using MATLAB toolbox SIMULINK. Bit error rate of different modulation techniques is implemented for corresponding SNR. Models are analyzed for wireless parameter like kurtosis of normalized signal along with a new statistical method to recognize OFDM from other digitally modulated signals.
The studies were carried out to study the effect of nitrogen and Phosphorus on flowering and yield of Gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) cv. Local Yellow under Jhalawar condition. The experiment consisting 16 treatments combination with two factors i.e. nitrogen with four levels (control, 100 kg ha -1 , 200 kg ha -1 and 300 kg ha -1 ) and phosphorus with four levels (control, 100 kg ha -1 , 200 kg ha -1 and 300 kg ha -1 ) in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The individual application of nitrogen treatment N3 (N 300 kg ha -1 ) Earliest first flower opening (60.93 days), Earliest 50% flowering (91.26 days), maximum flower diameter (6.67 cm), maximum number of flower per plant (111.67), maximum weight of flower per plant (0.437 kg), number of flower per plot maximum (2615.83), maximum weight of flower per plot (11.53 kg), maximum flower yield (121.25 q/ha). The individual application of phosphorus treatment P3 (P 300 kg ha -1 ) recorded minimum (63.25 days) to first flower opening, earliest (95.25 days) 50% flowering, maximum flower diameter (6.56 cm), flowers per plant (108.83), weight of flower per plant (0.446 kg), number of flower per plot (2574.83), flower weight per plot (10.78 kg) and flower yield (115.08 q/ha).
The studies were carried out to study the effect of nitrogen and Phosphorus on growth and flowering of Gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) cv. Local Yellow under Jhalawar condition. The experiment consisting 16 treatments combination with two factors i.e. nitrogen with four levels (control, 100 kg ha -1 , 200 kg ha -1 and 300 kg ha -1 ) and phosphorus with four levels (control, 100 kg ha -1 , 200 kg ha -1 and 300 kg ha -1 ) in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The individual application of nitrogen treatment N3 (N 300 kg ha -1 ) maximum plant leaf length (25.61 cm), maximum leaf width (5.73 cm), maximum flower stalk length (16.56 cm), maximum flower fresh weight (4.64 g), earliest first flower bud initiation (50.37 days), maximum number of ray florets per flower (200.75), maximum dry flower weight (0.766 g), maximum length of ray florets per flower (2.44 cm). The individual application of phosphorus treatment P3 (P 300 kg ha -1 ) recorded maximum leaf length was recorded (24.61 cm), highest leaf width (5.32 cm), maximum flower stalk length per (16.88 cm), maximum flower fresh weight (4.44 g), minimum (52.08 days) to first flower bud initiation, maximum ray florets per flower (190.08), maximum (0.742 g) flower dry weight, maximum (2.39 cm) length of ray florets.
The present study was conducted to determine the impact of training programmes of KrishiVigyan Kendra’s (KVKs-Farm Science Centres) in terms of adoption of technologies as a result gender analysis. This study was undertaken with a view on 200 respondents selected by random sampling technique from four KVKs i.e. western (Bhiwani and Fatehabad) and eastern (Rohtak and Jhajjar) zones of Haryana in India. Out of total 29 areas in which both male and female respondents attended trainings, female participation was more in three areas of trainings i.e. value addition, processing and cooking and cutting and tailoring whereas in rest all of the trainings male participation was more. In case of eastern zone KVKs, 35.0 and 23.0 per cent male and female respondents were partial followed by no adoption (12.0% male and 14.0% female) and full (12.0% and 4.0%) adoption of technologies. Pooled data revealed that 31.5 and 25.0 per cent male and female had partial followed by no (11.0% male and 13.5% female) and full adoption (15.5 % male and 3.5% female) of demonstrated technologies.
The present investigation aimed at analyzing the role perception, role performance and constraints of trainers in KVKs of Haryana state. Agro climatically Haryana is divided into two zones i.e., western and eastern zone. 4 Krishi Vigyan Kendrs (KVKs), two each from western zone i.e. KVK Bhiwani and KVK Fatehabad whereas KVK Rohtak and KVK Jhajjar from eastern zone were selected. Overall 47.4 per cent trainers had high followed by medium (36.8%) role perception. Regarding role performance of the respondent’s irrespective of zones and KVKs had medium (52.6%) followed by high (36.8%) level of role performance. All the extension personnel of the selected KVKs who were directly involved in conduct of training programmes were selected for the study. There were, four (Bhiwani), six (Fatehabad), five (Rohtak) and four (Jhajjar) extension personnel respectively. Thus, 19 extension personnel were interviewed. Major constraints experienced by the trainers were: lot of paper work and reporting and feeling additional burden of work and responsibilities due vacant posts lying in each KVK.
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